Description and developmental biology of Plectus zelli n.sp. (Nematoda : Araeolaimida)

Plectus zelli n. sp. is described and illustrated. It is closely related to P. opisthocirculus Andrassy, 1952 and P. inquirendus Andrassy, 1958, and also to P. sambesii Micolctzky, 1916. It has L = 0.57-0.83 mm, a = 18-26, b = 3.5-5.0, c = 8-13, V = 45-56; a continuous lip region, cephalic setae not reaching the apex of the cephalic region and paired lateral alae. P. zelli n. sp. reproduces by parthenogenesis, its embryonation time varies from 18-20 h. The first stage juveniles have paired primordia each of which form one sexual branch. The flexure in the ovary is formed at the time of the fouruh and final moulting. The total duration of life cycle from egg to adult is 7 to 9 days at 28 ± 2 °C

Papillae associated with the spinneret in some soil nematodes

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Observations on the embryonic and post-embryonic development of Diploscapter orientalis (Nematoda : Rhabditida)

Diploscapter orientalis reproduces parthenogenetically. The eggs are elongate, measuring 45-55 x 20-30 µm with blunt spines on their surface. Most eggs are laid in the single cell stage. Hatching takes about 13-17 h from the time of oviposition. The newly hatched juveniles lack labial hooks which develop later in the second stage juveniles. The genital primordium in the early juvenile stage is oriented obliquely to the longitudinal axis. In late stages the germinal nuclei shift to the two ends while the somatic ones remain in the centre of primordium. The division of primordial nuclei is restricted to the periods of moulting but becomes continuous after the third moult. The life cycle from egg to adult is completed in 4-6 days

Two new species of Plectidae from India (Nematoda : Araeolaimida)

Deux nouvelles espèces de #Plectidae sont décrites et illustrées. #Tylocephalus palmatus n. sp. présente les caractères suivants : L = 0,41-0,61 mm; a = 14-18; b = 3,6-4,3; c = 13,1-13,9; V = 42-49. Cette nouvelle espèce est proche de #T. auriculatus (Buetschli, 1873) Anderson, 1966 et de #T. andinus Zell, 1993. #Plectus refusus n. sp. présente les caractères suivants : L = 0,38-0,44 mm; a = 18-26; b = 3,08-3,93; c = 6,25-8,65; V = 41-53. Cette nouvelle espèce est proche de #P. geophilus de Man, 1880. (Résumé d'auteur

Descriptions of three new and a known species of Prismatolaimus de Man 1880 (nematoda: Enoplida) from fresh water habitats in India

Three new and a known species of Prismatolaimus de Man, 1880 are described and illustrated. Prismatolaimus lacustris sp. n. and P. amphidialis sp. n. are monovarial species without males in the population. P. lacustris sp. n. (L= 0.68-0.80, a= 35.1-47.1, b= 3.7-4.2, c= 3.6-3.9) is characterised by having single jointed outer labial setae; large stoma with prominent dorsal tooth and denticulate ridges; relatively posterior amphids; moderately long post-uterine sac; vagina with refractive pieces; and long, ventrad curved tail with a minute dorsal mucro. P. amphidialis sp. n. (L= 0.58-0.68, a= 37-44, b= 4.0-5.4, c= 3.9-4.3) is characterised by its short stoma with inconspicuous stegostom, almost indiscernible dorsal tooth and absence of denticulate ridges; prominent sensillar pouches of amphids; small post-uterine sac; and long filiform tail ventrad curved, with undemarcated mucro. P. macrostomus sp. n. (L= 1.02-1.21, a= 51.2-55.0, b= 4.6-5.2, c= 3.2-3.3) is characterised by being large-sized, diovarial females having sparse 4-5 µm long somatic setae; long,.articulate, cephalic, setae; large barrel-shaped stoma with a massive dorsal tooth and rows of inconspicuous subventral denticles; pre-equatorial vulva; and long filiform tail with a pointed dorsal hook. P. andrassyi Khera & Chaturvedi, 1977 has been redescribed with morphometrics of populations from four localities

Re-description of two species of Pelodera (nematoda: Rhabditidae) from India

Two species of Pelodera Schneider, 1866, reported for the first time from India, have been redescribed and illustrated. Pelodera teres Schneider, 1866 is characterised by oviparous females having prominent, separate lips; heavily cuticularised, refractive labial margins with fine bristles in inter-labial grooves; three setose denticles on each metastegostomal plate; cupola-shaped tail in females and males with crystalline needle-like structures in vas deferens; distally fused spicules and an open peloderan bursa with three pre-cloacal and seven post-cloacal bursal papillae. Pelodera icosiensis (Maupas, 1916) Dougherty, 1955 is characterised by ovoviviparous females having wider and offset lip region, swollen pharyngeal corpus and hemispheroid tail of nearly half anal body diameter, males with distally-fused spicules having bicuspid capitula, and a short, expanded, semicircular, anteriorly-closed, peloderan bursa with lobes and ten paired bursal papillae

Description of two new species of Myctolaimus Cobb, 1920 (Nematoda: Cylindrocorporidae) from Northern India

This paper deals with description of two new species of Myctolaimus Cobb, 1920 obtained from ditch samples from Kishtwar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. M. neolongistoma sp, n. is characterized by its medium-sized body (L= 0:60-0.67; a= 217-26.1;b- 4.8-5.1;c= 4.8-5.3, c'= 6.9-7.0; V= 48.2-51.3) with fine longitudinal striations, petalloid cheiforhabdions, isthmus equal or slightly smaller than basal bulb, and males with 20-24 µm long spicules and ten pairs of genital papillae. The other species, M. kishtwarensis sp. n., is characterized by its large body (L= 0.86-1.14; a= 25.1-30.9; b= 5.5-6.8; c= 4.4-5.9; d = 7.2-10.2; V= 43.1-47.8), six radiating cheilorhabdial arms, isthmus larger than basal bulb and males with 24-28 µm long spicules, and nine pairs of genital papillae

Description of Rhabdolaimus sclerorectum sp. n. (nematoda: Rhabdolaimidae) from Aligarh, India

Rhabdolaimus sclerorectum sp. n. is described and illustrated (L = 0.47-0.67; a = 24-29; b = 4.7-5.6; c = 3.7-4.1; c' = 6.9-9.0; V = 39-43%). The new species is characterised by its medium-sized body; stoma armed anteriorly with a large daw-shaped dorsal tooth and two smaller conical, sub-ventral teeth; pharynx with pyriform valvate basal bulb; a pair of pseudocoelomocytes posterior lo cardia; didelphic genital system with reflexed ovaries; vagina with round sclerotised thickenings; rectum with thick sclerotised posterior lining; and tail with a long and cylindroid terminal spinneret

Oxidation of benzoin catalyzed by oxovanadium (IV) schiff base complexes

BACKGROUND: The oxidative transformation of benzoin to benzil has been accomplished by the use of a wide variety of reagents or catalysts and different reaction procedures. The conventional oxidizing agents yielded mainly benzaldehyde or/and benzoic acid and only a trace amount of benzil. The limits of practical utilization of these reagents involves the use of stoichiometric amounts of corrosive acids or toxic metallic reagents, which in turn produce undesirable waste materials and required high reaction temperatures. In recent years, vanadium complexes have attracted much attention for their potential utility as catalysts for various types of reactions. RESULTS: Active and selective catalytic systems of new unsymmetrical oxovanadium(IV) Schiff base complexes for the oxidation of benzoin is reported. The Schiff base ligands are derived between 2-aminoethanol and 2-hydroxy-1- naphthaldehyde (H2L1) or 3-ethoxy salicylaldehyde (H2L3); and 2-aminophenol and 3-ethoxysalicylaldehyde (H2L2) or 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde (H2L4). The unsymmetrical Schiff bases behave as tridentate dibasic ONO donor ligands. Reaction of these Schiff base ligands with oxovanadyl sulphate afforded the mononuclear oxovanadium(IV) complexes (VIVOLx.H2O), which are characterized by various physico-chemical techniques. The catalytic oxidation activities of these complexes for benzoin were evaluated using H2O2 as an oxidant. The best reaction conditions are obtained by considering the effect of solvent, reaction time and temperature. Under the optimized reaction conditions, VOL4 catalyst showed high conversion (>99%) with excellent selectivity to benzil (~100%) in a shorter reaction time compared to the other catalysts considered. CONCLUSION: Four tridentate ONO type Schiff base ligands were synthesized. Complexation of these ligands with vanadyl(IV) sulphate leads to the formation of new oxovanadium(IV) complexes of type VIVOL.H2O. Elemental analyses and spectral data of the free ligands and their oxovanadium(IV) complexes were found to be in good agreement with their structures, indicating high purity of all the compounds. Oxovanadium complexes were screened for the oxidation of benzoin to benzil using H2O2 as oxidant. The effect of time, solvent and temperature were optimized to obtain maximum yield. The catalytic activity results demonstrate that these catalytic systems are both highly active and selective for the oxidation of benzoin under mild reaction conditions.Web of Scienc

Prediction of Susceptibility to First-Line Tuberculosis Drugs by DNA Sequencing

Background: The World Health Organization recommends drug-susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex for all patients with tuberculosis to guide treatment decisions and improve outcomes. Whether DNA sequencing can be used to accurately predict profiles of susceptibility to first-line antituberculosis drugs has not been clear. Methods: We obtained whole-genome sequences and associated phenotypes of resistance or susceptibility to the first-line antituberculosis drugs isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide for isolates from 16 countries across six continents. For each isolate, mutations associated with drug resistance and drug susceptibility were identified across nine genes, and individual phenotypes were predicted unless mutations of unknown association were also present. To identify how whole-genome sequencing might direct first-line drug therapy, complete susceptibility profiles were predicted. These profiles were predicted to be susceptible to all four drugs (i.e., pansusceptible) if they were predicted to be susceptible to isoniazid and to the other drugs or if they contained mutations of unknown association in genes that affect susceptibility to the other drugs. We simulated the way in which the negative predictive value changed with the prevalence of drug resistance. Results: A total of 10,209 isolates were analyzed. The largest proportion of phenotypes was predicted for rifampin (9660 [95.4%] of 10,130) and the smallest was predicted for ethambutol (8794 [89.8%] of 9794). Resistance to isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide was correctly predicted with 97.1%, 97.5%, 94.6%, and 91.3% sensitivity, respectively, and susceptibility to these drugs was correctly predicted with 99.0%, 98.8%, 93.6%, and 96.8% specificity. Of the 7516 isolates with complete phenotypic drug-susceptibility profiles, 5865 (78.0%) had complete genotypic predictions, among which 5250 profiles (89.5%) were correctly predicted. Among the 4037 phenotypic profiles that were predicted to be pansusceptible, 3952 (97.9%) were correctly predicted. Conclusions: Genotypic predictions of the susceptibility of M. tuberculosis to first-line drugs were found to be correlated with phenotypic susceptibility to these drugs. (Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and others.