KAJIAN FILOGENETIK IKAN TUNA (Thunnus spp) SEBAGAI DATA PENGELOLAAN DI PERAIRAN SEKITAR KEPULAUAN MALUKU, INDONESIA

Ikan tuna (Thunnus Spp) adalah ikan pelagis yang memilili kemampuan migrasi dan nilai komersial. Kondisi oseanografie Maluku Utara dan Ambon mendukung kelimpahan stok populasi sumberdaya. Pengetahuan filogenetik dapat membantu menunjukan hubungan evolusioner dari suatu organisme yang disimpulkan dari data morfologi dan molekuler. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui filogenetik ikan tuna di perairan Maluku Utara dan Ambon. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode PCR-Sequencing. Analisis molekuler menggunakan Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) dengan primer CRK-CRE, elektroforesis. Rekonstruksi pohon filogenetik menggunakan metode Neighbor joining dan model evolusi Kimura 2-parameter dilakukan dengan aplikasi MEGA5. Hasil penelitian filogenetik menemukan terdapat empat empat clade spesies ikan tuna yang saling berbeda (tuna mata besar ; tuna sirip kuing ; tuna alalunga ; cakalang ). Jarak genetik tuna mata besar (T.obesus)  dengan tuna sirip kuning (T.albacares)  adalah 0.09, tuna mata besar (T.obesus)  dengan tuna alalunga (T.albacore) adalah 0.19, tuna sirip kuning (T.albacares)  dengan tuna alalunga (T.albacore),  sebesar 0.21,  tuna mata besar (T.obesus)  dengan tuna alalunga (T.albacore)  cakalang (K.pelamis) adalah 0.34, cakalang (K.pelamis) dengan tuna alalunga (T.albacore) adalah  0.39 dan tuna sirip kuning (T.albacares)  dengan Cakalang (K.pelamis) adalah 0.34. Semua hasil menunjukan perbedaan genetik yang signifikan, genetik spesies tuna berasal dari satu kelompok dan filogeografi memiliki batas distribusi yang nyata antar satu dengan yang lain.Kata Kunci :     Thunnus, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Pohon Filogenetik, primer CRK-CRE, , Neighbor joining, Kimura 2-parameter, jarak genetik, MEGA5, filogeografi.  ABSTRACTTuna (Thunnus Spp) is a pelagic fish that has migration capabilities and commercial value. The condition of North Maluku and Ambon oceanographies supports the abundance of resource population stocks. Phylogenetic knowledge can help show the evolutionary relationship of an organism inferred from morphological and molecular data. The aim of the study was to determine phylogenetic of tuna in the waters of North Maluku and Ambon. This study used the PCR-Sequencing method. Molecular analysis uses a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with CRK-CRE primer, electrophoresis. Reconstruction of the phylogenetic tree using the Neighbor joining method and the Kimura 2-parameter evolution model was carried out with the MEGA5 application. The results of phylogenetic research found that there were four four different clades of tuna species (bigeye tuna; kuing fin tuna; alalunga tuna; cakalang). The genetic distance of big eye tuna (T.obesus) with yellow fin tuna (T.albacares) is 0.09, bigeye tuna (T.obesus) with tuna alalunga (T.albacore) is 0.19, yellow fin tuna (T.albacares) with tuna alalunga (T.albacore), for 0.21, big eye tuna (T.obesus) with alalunga tuna (T.albacore) cakalang (K.pelamis) is 0.34, cakalang (K.pelamis) with alalunga tuna (T.albacore) is 0.39 and yellow fin tuna (T.albacares) with Cakalang (K. pelamis) are 0.34. All results show significant genetic differences, genetic tuna species come from one group and filogeography has a real distribution boundary between one another.Keywords: Thunnus, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Phylogenetic Tree, CRK-CRE primer, Neighbor joining, Kimura 2-parameter, genetic distance, MEGA5, filogeography

An Assessment of Risk of Iodine Deficiency Among Pregnant Women in Sarawak, Malaysia

Previous findings from a state-wide Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) study among pregnant women (PW) in Sarawak indicated that PW are at risk of IDD and further assessment is needed. This paper describes the methodology used in conducting this study for an assessment of risk of iodine deficiency among pregnant women in Sarawak, Malaysia. A total of 30 maternal child health care clinics (MCHCs) were selected using probability proportional to population size (PPS) sampling technique. The PW sample size was calculated based on 95% confidence interval (CI), relative precision of 5%, design effect of 2, anticipated IDD prevalence of 65.0% and non-response rate of 20%. Thus, the total sample size required was 750 (25 respondents per selected MCHC). The WHO Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) surveys approach was used to randomly select the first respondent and subsequent respondents were chosen until the required number of PW was met. The required data were obtained through: face-to-face interviews (socio-demographic and food frequency questionnaire), clinical assessments (thyroid size, and hyper/hypothyroidism) and biochemical analysis (urine and blood serum). A total of 677 PW responded in the study with a response rate of 90.2%. Majority of the PW were at second gravida, aged 25-29 years old and of Malay ethnicity. The methodology used in this study was based on International guidelines which may provide state's estimates. All the necessary steps were taken into consideration to ensure valid and reliable findings on current iodine status among PW

Factors associated with non-participation in a health screening programme and its barriers: findings from the community empowers the nation programme (KOSPEN), Malaysia 2016

Introduction The Ministry of Health, Malaysia had introduced the community based action programme (KOSPEN) to improve the early detection of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in the population. This study aims to identify factors associated with non-participation in screening activities and its barriers. Methods This cross sectional study was conducted from May to June 2016 in KOSPEN localities. A total of 2354 adults aged 18 years and above were selected using a two-stage stratified cluster sampling design. The data were obtained through face-to-face interviews using validated questionnaires. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine the sociodemographic factors associated with non-participation in health screening. Results Out of 2156 respondents interviewed (response rate of 91.6%), approximately 75% (n=1624) of the respondents did not participate in the KOSPEN health screening programme. Multivariable logistic regression analyses revealed that, males (aOR: 2.35, 95% CI 1.21, 4.55) and those working in private sector (aOR: 2.11, 95% CI 1.21, 3.67) were more likely to not participate in health screening. While, age, ethnicity, level of education, marital status and household income were not significantly associated with non-participation in health screening. The barrier for not participated were “did not know health screening was conducted in their localities” (39.3%) and had no time to attend the programme (18.2%). Conclusions The study findings are of public health concern as about three quarters of the respondents failed to participate in this programme because they didn’t know that there were health screening activities conducted in their localities beside the time constraint problems. Thus, KOSPEN health screening activities should be made known to the community especially males who are mostly working in the private sector

Undiagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Risk Factors among Malaysians: Findings of a Nationwide Study

Introduction: The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing worldwide and many of these affected individuals remain unidentified. Undiagnosed T2DM may impose substantial public health implications because these individuals remain untreated and at risk for complications. The objective of this study was to determine the national prevalence of undiagnosed T2DM and to identify the associated risk factors. Methods: A nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted involving 17,783 respondents. Two-stage stratified sampling design was used to select a representative sample of the Malaysian adult population. Structured validated questionnaires with face to face interviews were used to obtain data. Respondents, who claimed that they were not having diabetes, were then asked to perform a fasting blood glucose finger-prick test by Accutrend GC machine. Results: The prevalence of undiagnosed T2DM was 8.9% (n=1587). The highest percentage of undiagnosed T2DM was found among males (10.2%), 55-59 years old (13.4%), highest education attainers of primary school (11.1%), Indians (10.3%), married (10.3%), working (8.9%) and living in the urban areas (9.2%). Multivariate analyses showed that factors associated with undiagnosed T2DM were gender, age group, ethnicity, marital status, obesity and hypertension. Conclusion: This study found an increasing trend of undiagnosed T2DM in Malaysia compared to 2006. This finding is alarming as risk factors associated with undiagnosed diabetes were related to most of the socio-demographic factors studied. Therefore, early diabetic screening is crucial especially among adults aged 30 and above to prevent more serious complications of this disease

National E-cigarette Survey (NECS) 2016 in Malaysia method and population characteristic

E-cigarette and vape (ECV) use has become a worldwide phenomenon since 2010. This study aims to determine the prevalence of ever user, current user and factors associated with ECV use among Malaysian adults. This will provide evidence for policy makers to formulate appropriate measures towards regulation of ECV in Malaysia and can become a reference for other similar countries. Method: Complex sampling design was used to represent 19 million of Malaysian adult household. Samples were stratified by states and urbanity. Sampling units were districts, enumeration blocks and living quarters. All adults from the selected houses were invited to participate in this survey. Analysis was done using sampling weight and complex sampling analysis. Results: A total of 4,288 individual responded in this survey. Majority of the respondents were at 25-44 years of age group (44%), completed at least secondary level of education (69%), of Malay ethnicity (73%), Muslim (79%) and married (68%). Male and female were equally represented. Seventy two percent of the respondents were from the urban residential area (n=2,123). The prevalence of current ECV users was 3.2%, with an estimated number of 602,122 in the population. The prevalence was 3.3% and 2.9% in urban and rural respectively. ECV users were common among 18-24 years old, male and those with tertiary level education. Discussion: This study able to represent Malaysia and results can be used to guide healthcare managers to manage e-cigarette use in the country

Energy and nutrient intakes: findings from the Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS)

Nutrition surveys based on a representative sample of the Malaysian adult population have hitherto not been reported. In 2003, the Ministry of Health, Malaysia, conducted the Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS), the first and largest nutrition survey in the country which aimed to provide detailed quantitative information on nutritional status, food and nutrient intakes, and physical activity pattern on a nationwide representative sample of adult subjects between the ages of 18 and 59 years. The survey covered four zones in Peninsular Malaysia (Central, Southern, Northern and East Coast), Sabah and Sarawak. This paper presents the mean and selected percentiles of energy and nutrient intake of 6886 subjects by selected demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Energy contributions by macronutrients and dietary adequacy in relation to the Recommended Nutrient Intake for Malaysians are also described. Information on dietary intake was collected by trained nutritionists using a one day 24-hour diet recall. Dietary data were analysed using Nutritionist Pro, a diet analysis software and statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS ver. 13.0. In most of the demographic and socioeconomic groups, males had higher mean energy (1776 kcal) and nutrient intake and percent achievement of RNI than females (1447 kcal). The proportions of calories derived from macronutrients were within the recommendations for a healthy diet. Intake of micronutrients such as iron, calcium and vitamin A was about 50% of RNI particularly in women. Sodium intake of Malaysians, not reported in earlier studies, is also made available. Under-reporting using the EI/BMR ratio was found in half of the population studied. The present study provides the first national estimates of energy and nutrient intake of the Malaysian adult population. Regular nutrition surveys are needed at the national level to provide valuable information on trends in food and nutrient intake, particularly among age and ethnically diverse subgroups of the population

An assessment of risk of iodine deficiency among pregnant women in Sarawak, Malaysia

Previous findings from a state-wide Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) study among pregnant women (PW) in Sarawak indicated that PW are at risk of IDD and further assessment is needed. This paper describes the methodology used in conducting this study for an assessment of risk of iodine deficiency among pregnant women in Sarawak, Malaysia. A total of 30 maternal child health care clinics (MCHCs) were selected using probability proportional to population size (PPS) sampling technique.  The PW sample size was calculated based on 95% confidence interval (CI), relative precision of 5%, design effect of 2, anticipated IDD prevalence of  65.0% and non-response rate of 20%. Thus, the total sample size required was 750 (25 respondents per selected MCHC). The WHO Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) surveys approach was used to randomly select the first respondent and subsequent respondents were chosen until the required number of PW was met. The required data were obtained through: face-to-face interviews (socio-demographic and food frequency questionnaire), clinical assessments (thyroid size, and hyper/hypothyroidism) and biochemical analysis (urine and blood serum). A total of 677 PW responded in the study with a response rate of 90.2%. Majority of the PW were at second gravida, aged 25-29 years old and of Malay ethnicity. The methodology used in this study was based on international guidelines which may provide state’s estimates. All the necessary steps were taken into consideration to ensure valid and reliable findings on current iodine status among PW

Prediction of sand mass and organic matter distribution via in situ measured wet sediment bulk density profile

The objective of the study is to develop a spatial prediction model of sand mass and organic matter distribution in an urban stormwater holding pond using in situ measured wet sediment bulk density profile data to spatially distinguish the most likely contaminated sediment deposit areas. The wet bulk density profiles of deposited sediment at 25 locations in the Berembang (Malaysia) stormwater holding pond were measured using a single-probe nuclear density gauge. The sand and organic matter compositions of the surface sediment sample, 5 cm thickness from the bed surface, were determined. Discriminant analysis (DA) was conducted to generate two Fisher’s linear discriminant functions for the prediction of sand mass and organic matter composition areas, respectively. The linear discriminant functions generated better area classifications of surface organic matter composition compared to the sand mass distribution using wet sediment bulk density data measured at more than 15 cm depth levels

Discriminant analysis for the prediction of sand mass distribution in an urban stormwater holding pond using simulated depth average flow velocity data

The approach of this paper is to predict the sand mass distribution in an urban stormwater holding pond at the Stormwater Management And Road Tunnel (SMART) Control Centre, Malaysia, using simulated depth average floodwater velocity diverted into the holding during storm events. Discriminant analysis (DA) was applied to derive the classification function to spatially distinguish areas of relatively high and low sand mass compositions based on the simulated water velocity variations at corresponding locations of gravimetrically measured sand mass composition of surface sediment samples. Three inflow parameter values, 16, 40 and 80 m3 s−1, representing diverted floodwater discharge for three storm event conditions were fixed as input parameters of the hydrodynamic model. The sand (grain size > 0.063 mm) mass composition of the surface sediment measured at 29 sampling locations ranges from 3.7 to 45.5 %. The sampling locations of the surface sediment were spatially clustered into two groups based on the sand mass composition. The sand mass composition of group 1 is relatively lower (3.69 to 12.20 %) compared to group 2 (16.90 to 45.55 %). Two Fisher’s linear discriminant functions, F 1 and F 2, were generated to predict areas; both consist of relatively higher and lower sand mass compositions based on the relationship between the simulated flow velocity and the measured surface sand composition at corresponding sampling locations. F 1 = −9.405 + 4232.119 × A − 1795.805 × B + 281.224 × C, and F 2 = −2.842 + 2725.137 × A − 1307.688 × B + 231.353 × C. A, B and C represent the simulated flow velocity generated by inflow parameter values of 16, 40 and 80 m3 s−1, respectively. The model correctly predicts 88.9 and 100.0 % of sampling locations consisting of relatively high and low sand mass percentages, respectively, with the cross-validated classification showing that, overall, 82.8 % are correctly classified. The model predicts that 31.4 % of the model domain areas consist of high-sand mass composition areas and the remaining 68.6 % comprise low-sand mass composition areas

Prediction of body fat loss in relation to change in nutrient intake among housewives participating in the MyBFF@ home study

Background: Diet compositions are likely to be one of the influential factors for body fat deposition. The aim of this paper was to determine the nutrient changes and its association to body fat loss among the overweight and obese housewives in the MyBFF@home study. Methods: Data of participants in the MyBFF@home study (intervention and control groups) were analysed. Participants in the intervention group received personalised dietary counselling consisted of reduced calorie diet 1200–1500 kcal/day, while the control group was assigned to receive women’s health seminars. The dietary assessment was done during the intervention phase at baseline, 1 month (m), 2 m, 3 m and 6 m using a 3-day food diary. Body fat was measured using a bioelectrical impedance analyser (In-body 720) at baseline and at the end of the intervention phase. The mean differences of nutrient intake and body compositions during the intervention phase were measured with paired t-test. The changes in body fat and nutrients intake were calculated by subtracting baseline measurements from those taken at 6 months. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to determine the extent to which the changes in each gram of nutrients per 1000 kcal were predictive of changes in body fat mass. Results: There were significant reductions in energy, all macronutrients, dietary fibre, calcium and iron intake in both study groups after the intervention phase (p <  0.05). In the intervention group, body fat loss increased with the reduction of each gram of carbohydrate, protein and fat per 1000 kcal, (p <  0.05), and decreased with the reduction of each gram of calcium and fibre intake per 1000 kcal (p <  0.05). In the control group, body fat loss increased with the reduction of each gram fat per 1000 kcal (p <  0.05) and decreased with the reduction of each gram iron per 1000 kcal. Conclusion: Changes in the intake of various nutrients have different effects on body fat loss between the intervention and control group