Estrategias de mercado en firmas líderes de la industria alimentaria

El propósito del trabajo es ofrecer un recuento de las características principales y algunos rasgos que definen las estrategias competitivas seguidas por firmas líderes en el procesamiento de alimentos a nivel mundial, particularmente las relacionadas con las ramas de molienda de trigo, procesamiento de carne y la industria vitivinícola. Se advierte que las firmas líderes mantienen conductas agresivas que van desde acuerdos, fusiones, adquisiciones, hasta campañas globales de publicidad y estrategias diversas, que definen su posicionamiento en el mercado y explican porqué las líderes lo siguen siendo. La revisión de los aspectos referidos complementada con la aplicación de técnicas de análisis multivariado, permite entender lo que representa para algunas de las plantas que operan en la región noroeste de México, mantener, sea directa o indirectamente, vínculos con estas firmas líderes

Comportamiento estratégico en la industria alimentaria Plantas del noroeste de México

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the strategic behavior adopted by food industry plants located in North-Western Mexico. In addition, a taxonomy of the adopted strategies is constructed so it can be used as a reference to similar studies on any of the areas conforming this industry. We present the results of the data obtained from interviews conducted to managers of the 28 industry plants analyzed. To examine the data, a combination of statistical methods and techniques of log-lineal models and correspondence analysis were utilized.market, strategic behavior, industry plant, food industry.

Patrones de consumo de carne en el noroeste de México

En gran medida, el conocimiento de la forma en la que se comporta el consumidor determina el desempeño en el mercado de un producto determinado. Se utiliza un algoritmo de agrupamiento de datos, en el marco del reconocimiento de patrones, para identificar tipos de consumidores de carne en el noroeste de México, con el objetivo de conocer las preferencias de consumo y con ello orientar decisiones de mercado por parte de los productores o bien de funcionarios responsables de políticas de fomento en sectores involucrados. El análisis de datos permitió encontrar tres tipos de consumidores de carne: 1) aquellos que tienen preferencia alta por el consumo de carne de res y carnes blancas como pollo y pescado, 2) los que muestran preferencia alta por carne de res, seguida por carne de pollo y de puerco y 3) quienes prefieren el consumo de carnes blancas como pollo y pescado y tienen muy escasa preferencia por el consumo de carne de res. Es a partir de estos grupos que se describen algunas características del mercado de carnes en la región de estudio

Regiones y distribución espacial de las actividades económicas en Sonora

El objetivo del trabajo es demostrar que la distribución espacial de los sectores no siem- pre responde a la presencia de externalida- des regionales. Se analiza el comportamien- to de veintitrés sectores agregados para el caso de Sonora, considerando inicialmente su distribución en el espacio y, posterior- mente, la infl uencia del espacio en esta dis- tribución, con base en las herramientas ana- líticas “I de Moran global” y LISA (Local Indicators of Spatial Association). Se obser- va una alta concentración o especialización espacial, a la vez que una muy baja correla- ción espacial, lo que nos lleva a concluir que la localización de los sectores estudiados no responde a externalidades regionales, sino más bien a economías de urbanización u otras no regionales

Análisis de competitividad de cuatro sistema- producto estatales de tilapia en México

En la agricultura y pesca en México, las cadenas productivas nacionales y estatales, identificadas como Sistema- Producto (SP) han sido con sideradas un objetivo de política pública sectorial para incrementar su competitividad. En los hechos, las acciones para fortalecerlas, no necesariamente han sido emprendidas desde el gobierno y/o instituciones. Con base en la organización (SP), la definición de competitividad se asume en este estudio en función de sus capacidades organizacionales y visión de futuro, así como de factores técnicos y de mercado de las empresas productoras. Con base en ésta, se reporta su nivel en los SP de tilapia en Colima, Sonora, Tabasco y Yucatán con información del 2006-2008. Se analizaron treinta integrantes (internos y externos al SP) y, de acuerdo con seis variables consideradas como las de mayor relevancia en el análisis discriminante, se encontró que se agrupan en tres conglomerados (clusters). Con base en quince variables significativas obtenidas mediante ANOVA de una vía, el SP de Sonora es más competitivo, seguido por los de Tabasco, Colima y Yucatán. Los SP presentan en diferente medida problemas de inclusión, representación y participación. Se toman en cuenta las principales tendencias mundiales en este cultivo y las características internas de las organizaciones y, a partir de los resultados, se emiten recomendaciones orientadas a incidir en la mejora de su competitividad

Knowledge, attitudes and practices of teachers of basic cycle, exposed and non exposed to a Nutrition Education Course

OBJETIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of teacher who had (or had not) been exposed to the educative program that involved the use of games with educative and playful purposes and the didactic planning for the application of these activities. METHODS: The studied sample comprised 51 teachers (15 exposed and 36 not exposed). The questionnaire contained questions on nutritional concepts and on the role of the teacher and the school as a means of promotion of healthy nutritional habits. RESULTS: The studied variables included knowledge, attitude and nutritional practice of the teachers. Tables of contingency were used for the description of the frequencies of the variables and for the Exact Test of Fisher was used for the comparisons between the exposed and non exposed group, with significance rates of 0,05% or 5%. CONCLUSION: It had been observed that the exposed teachers had presented themselves better conceptually prepared and more sensitized in relation to the teacher's role and the school's while transforming reality, demonstrating that the program of school feeding can become a space of learning, production and knowledge production.OBJETIVO: Este estudo propôs-se a avaliar os conhecimentos sobre nutrição de professores expostos e não expostos a um programa educativo, que envolveu a utilização de jogos de regra com cunho educativo e lúdico e um plano didático para aplicação das atividades. MÉTODOS: A amostra estudada foi composta de 51 professores (15 expostos e 36 não expostos). O questionário aplicado continha questões sobre conceitos nutricionais e papel do professor e da escola como promotores de hábitos nutricionais saudáveis. RESULTADOS: As variáveis estudadas englobaram conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas nutricionais dos professores. Utilizaram-se tabelas de contingência para descrição das freqüências das variáveis e Teste Exato de Fisher para as comparações entre os grupos expostos e não expostos, com nível de significância de 0,05% ou 5%. Observou-se que os professores expostos ao programa se apresentaram melhor preparados conceitualmente e também mais sensibilizados quanto ao papel do professor e da escola enquanto transformadores da realidade, demonstrando que o programa de alimentação escolar pode tornar-se um espaço de aprendizagem e produção de conhecimento.Universidade do Oeste Paulista Faculdade de NutriçãoUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de Medicina Departamento de PediatriaUNIFESP, EPM, Depto. de PediatriaSciEL

Folding and Aggregation Are Selectively Influenced by the Conformational Preferences of the α-Helices of Muscle Acylphosphatase

The native state of human muscle acylphosphatase (AcP) presents two alpha-helices. In this study we have investigated folding and aggregation of a number of protein variants having mutations aimed at changing the propensity of these helical regions. Equilibrium and kinetic measurements of folding indicate that only helix-2, spanning residues 55-67, is largely stabilized in the transition state for folding therefore playing a relevant role in this process. On the contrary, the aggregation rate appears to vary only for the variants in which the propensity of the region corresponding to helix-1, spanning residues 22-32, is changed. Mutations that stabilize the first helix slow down the aggregation process while those that destabilize it increase the aggregation rate. AcP variants with the first helix destabilized aggregate with rates increased to different extents depending on whether the introduced mutations also alter the propensity to form beta-sheet structure. The fact that the first alpha-helix is important for aggregation and the second helix is important for folding indicates that these processes are highly specific. This partitioning does not reflect the difference in intrinsic alpha-helical propensities of the two helices, because helix-1 is the one presenting the highest propensity. Both processes of folding and aggregation do not therefore initiate from regions that have simply secondary structure propensities favorable for such processes. The identification of the regions involved in aggregation and the understanding of the factors that promote such a process are of fundamental importance to elucidate the principles by which proteins have evolved and for successful protein design

Drosophila melanogaster acylphosphatase: A common ancestor for acylphosphatase isoenzymes of vertebrate species

AbstractAn open reading frame encoding a putative acylphosphatase was found in Drosophila melanogaster. The corresponding gene product shows 40% identity and 22 additional amino acid residues at the C-terminus as compared to muscle- and common-type human acylphosphatases. Moreover, all the residues involved in the catalytic mechanism of vertebrate enzymes are conserved in the D. melanogaster acylphosphatase. The D. melanogaster protein and a deletion mutant, similar in length to vertebrate acylphosphatases, were produced by cloning the corresponding cDNA in Escherichia coli. The wild-type enzyme is a protein with a well-established three-dimensional fold and a markedly reduced conformational stability as compared to vertebrate isoenzymes. The specific activity of the enzyme is significantly lower than that found in vertebrate enzymes though the substrate binding capability is basically unaltered. The deletion of 22 residues does not cause a significant change in kcat, while affecting the apparent binding parameters. This work suggests that the genes encoding the vertebrate enzymes originate from an ancestor gene by duplication and subsequent evolution

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

Artículo con numerosos autores, sólo se mencionan el primero, los de la UAM y el grupo colectivoHigh blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol—which is a marker of cardiovascular risk— changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million–4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.This study was funded by a Wellcome Trust (Biomedical Resource & Multi-User Equipment grant 01506/Z/13/Z) and the British Heart Foundation (Centre of Research Excellence grant RE/18/4/34215). C.T. was supported by a Wellcome Trust Research Training Fellowship (203616/Z/16/Z