Enquêter avec et auprès des jeunes en difficulté en contexte africain : une démarche méthodologique par le bas

Cet article vise à rendre compte de manière réflexive d’une expérience de recherche effectuée dans le cadre d’une thèse de doctorat en sciences de l’éducation portant sur le devenir social des enfants de la rue, placés ou non dans une institution sociale de sauvegarde dans deux agglomérations ouest-africaines : Dakar et Bamako. Les jeunes enquêtés, dans le cadre de la réalisation d’un Master (Dembélé, 2005), retrouvés par personne interposée, sont devenus des enquêteurs à la phase de la thèse. En effet, les jeunes enquêteurs sont invités à décliner le récit de leur propre vie avant de le demander aux enfants et jeunes auprès desquels ils enquêtent. Puis, il leur est demandé de transcrire les récits de vie et de procéder à leur mise en ordre chronologique en vue de les présenter à nouveau aux enfants et jeunes sujets-objet des récits de vie et de les amender éventuellement à l’issue du processus de retour sur soi. Par ces choix méthodologiques, les récits de vie de deux cents anciens enfants de la rue, devenus jeunes-adultes, ont été recueillis par vingt-cinq jeunes. Cette expérience de recherche donne lieu à une analyse à la fois théorique, méthodologique et épistémologique. Ce modèle de recherche interroge sur : quelle signification donnée à la parole de l’enfant et du jeune, recueillie et analysée par d’autres enfants et jeunes aux parcours de vie similaires ? Quels sont les avantages et les limites associés à une telle démarche d’enquête par immersion interposée impliquant les enfants et les jeunes ? Quelles précautions envisager pour surmonter les obstacles à la collecte des données empiriques par les jeunes eux-mêmes concernés par une étude quelconque ?This article reflectively reports on a research experience carried out in the frame of a PhD thesis in educational science related to the social future of street children, placed or not in a social safeguarding institution, in two West-African cities: Dakar and Bamako. The surveyed youths, as participants’ in a Master’s project (Dembélé, 2005), who were contacted through an intermediary, became interviewers at the PhD project phase. In fact, the young interviewers are invited to give an account of their own lives, before asking the other children and young people they surveyed to tell the stories of their lives too. Then, the interviewers are asked to transcribe the stories of their life and put these stories in a chronological order for later checking by the authors of the stories so that they can eventually amend their stories at the end of the review of their past life. Using these methodological choices, the life stories of two hundred former street children, who have become young-adults, were collected by twenty five young people. This research experience results in a theoretical, methodological, and epistemological analysis at the same time. This research model questions on the following: What meaning can be given to the words collected from a child or a young man by other children and young people having similar life paths? What are the advantages and limitations of this surveying approach by immersion through an intermediary involving children and young people? What precautions are to be taken to overcome the obstacles to empirical data collection by the youths who are themselves concerned by a similar study?Este artículo pretende contar de manera reflexiva una experiencia de investigación realizada en el marco de una tesis de doctorado en ciencias de la educación sobre el devenir social de los niños de la calle, internados o no en una institución social protectora, en dos aglomeraciones de África occidental: Dakar y Bamako. Los jóvenes entrevistados, en el marco de la realización de un máster (Dembélé, 2005), encontrados por persona interpuesta, se convirtieron en entrevistadores durante la fase de la tesis. Así, se pidió a los jóvenes investigadores que narraran su propia vida antes de que se lo pidieran a los niños y jóvenes sobre los que se realizaba el estudio. Posteriormente, se les pidió que transcribieran los relatos de vida y que procedieran a ponerlos en orden cronológico con el fin de presentarlos de nuevo a los niños y jóvenes sujetos-objeto de los relatos y mejorarlos, si era necesario, al final del proceso de retorno sobre sí mismos. Por medio de estas opciones metodológicas, veinticinco jóvenes recogieron los relatos de vida de dos cientos antiguos niños de la calle que actualmente son jóvenes/adultos. Esta experiencia de investigación da lugar a un análisis a la vez teórico, metodológico y epistemológico. Este modelo de investigación cuestiona: ¿Qué significado dar a la palabra del niño y del joven, recogida y analizada por otros niños y jóvenes con trayectorias de vida similares? ¿Cuáles son las ventajas y las limitaciones asociadas a este tipo de enfoque de investigación por inmersión interpuesta que involucra a niños y jóvenes? ¿Qué precauciones prever para superar los obstáculos en la recogida de datos empíricos por los propios jóvenes que participan en cualquier estudio

Évaluation du Risque Cardiovasculaire Absolu Chez les Patients Hémodialysés Diabétiques et Non diabétiques au Centre National d’Hémodialyse de Donka Conakry

Le risque cardiovasculaire chez les hémodialysés semble varier en fonction du statut diabétique ainsi que d’autres facteurs associés et constitue un problème de santé publique en Afrique en général et particulièrement en Guinée. Dans ce sens, l’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer le risque de survenue d’une pathologie cardiovasculaire absolu chez les patients hémodialysés diabétiques, par rapport aux patients hémodialysés non diabétiques. La présente, étude transversale, descriptive et analytique a été réalisée entre le 1 ier avril et le 30 juin 2019 au Centre National d’Hémodialyse de Donka. L’étude a inclus les 140 patients hémodialysés durant la période. Le recrutement était exhaustif et concernait tous les patients hémodialysés répondant aux critères de sélection. Les données ont été recueillies prospectivement chez les patients hémodialysés puis compilées et traitées dans Epi info. 7.2.2.6. Un questionnaire semi-administré a été utilisé à ce fin. Pour évaluer le risque cardiovasculaire chez les patients le FRAMINGHAM RISK SCORE (FRS) a été aussi utilisé. L’enquête a concerné 140 individus dont 91 (65,00%) étaient des hommes, contre 49 (35,00%) de femmes, soit un sex- ratio de 1,86 soit 2 hommes pour une femme. L’âge moyen était de 41 ± 4,1 ans avec des extrêmes de (30 ; 74) ans. On notait une prédominance chez les hommes des facteurs de risque, pour le tabagisme. L’étude a trouvé 39 diabétiques contre 101 non diabétiques. Le risque était élevé chez 23 diabétiquessur 39 ; et 25 sur 101 des patients non diabétiques. L’étude montre qu’un patient sur quatre aurait un risque absolu élevé chez les patients non diabétiques et un patient sur deux chez les patients diabétiques. Ce risque est majoré par d’autres facteurs associés. Introduction: Cardiovascular risk in hemodialysis appears to vary depending on diabetic status and other associated factors and is a public health problem in Africa in general and particularly in Guinea. The objective of this study was to assess the risk of absolute cardiovascular disease in diabetic hemodialysis patients, compared to non-diabetic hemodialysis patients. Methods: Between April 1 and June 30, 2019, a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study was conducted at the National Hemodialysis Centre in Donka. The study included 140 hemodialysis patients during the period. Recruitment was comprehensive and involved all hemodialysis patients meeting the selection criteria. The data were collected prospectively in hemodialysis patients and then compiled and processed in Epi info. 7.2.2.6. A semi-administered questionnaire had been used. To assess cardiovascular risk in patients, FRAMINGHAM RISK SCORE (FRS) was used. Results: The survey involved 140 individuals, 91 of whom (65.00%) 49 (35.00%) were men. sex ratio of 1.86 or 2 men per woman. The average age was 41-4.1 years with extremes of (30; 74) years. There was a predominance among men of risk factors for smoking. The study found 39 diabetics versus 101 non-diabetics. The risk was high in 23 out of 39 diabetics; and 25 out of 101 non-diabetic patients. Conclusion: The study shows that one in four patients would have a high absolute risk in diabetic and non-diabetic patients and also confirms the association of other factors that increase this risk. The survey involved 140 individuals, 91 of whom (65.00%) 49 (35.00%) were men. sex ratio of 1.86 or 2 men per woman. The average age was 41-4.1 years with extremes of (30; 74) years. There was a predominance among men of risk factors for smoking and diabetes. In our series, most of our patients had a low risk level of 56 (40%). Conclusion: This survey finds a low risk in this hemodialysis population. This should lead to strengthening strategies for preventing cardiovascular disease in this at-risk population

Population Size and Migration of Anopheles gambiae in the Bancoumana Region of Mali and Their Significance for Efficient Vector Control

We present results of two intensive mark-release-recapture surveys conducted during the wet and dry seasons of 2008 in the villages of Fourda and Kenieroba, Mali. The former is a small fishing village by the Niger River with a moderate to high densities of Anopheles gambiae Giles s.s. (Diptera: Culicidae) throughout the year, while the latter is a large agricultural community 2 km inland that experiences strong seasonal fluctuation in An. gambiae densities. We estimate the population size of female An. gambiae in Fourda to be in less than 3,000 during the dry season. We found evidence of large population size and migration from Fourda in Kenieroba during the wet season, but very low numbers and no sign of migrants during the dry season. We suggest that malaria vector control measures aimed at adult mosquitoes might be made more efficient in this region and other seasonal riparian habitats by targeting disruption of mosquito populations by the river during the dry season. This would decrease the size of an already small population, and would be likely to delay the explosive growth in vector numbers in the larger inland villages as rainfall increases

Seasonality and shift in age-specific malaria prevalence and incidence in Binko and Carrière villages close to the lake in Selingué, Mali

BACKGROUND: Malaria transmission in Mali is seasonal and peaks at the end of the rainy season in October. This study assessed the seasonal variations in the epidemiology of malaria among children under 10 years of age living in two villages in Selingué: Carrière, located along the Sankarani River but distant from the hydroelectric dam, and Binko, near irrigated rice fields, close to the dam. The aim of this study was to provide baseline data, seasonal pattern and age distribution of malaria incidence in two sites situated close to a lake in Selingué. METHODS: Geographically, Selingué area is located in the basin of Sakanrani and belongs to the district of Yanfolila in the third administrative region of Mali, Sikasso. Two cross-sectional surveys were conducted in October 2010 (end of transmission season) and in July 2011 (beginning of transmission season) to determine the point prevalence of asymptomatic parasitaemia, and anaemia among the children. Cumulative incidence of malaria per month was determined in a cohort of 549 children through active and passive case detection from November 2010 through October 2011. The number of clinical episodes per year was determined among the children in the cohort. Logistic regression was used to determine risk factors for malaria. RESULTS: The prevalence of malaria parasitaemia varied significantly between villages with a strong seasonality in Carrière (52.0–18.9 % in October 2010 and July 2011, respectively) compared with Binko (29.8–23.8 % in October 2010 and July 2011, respectively). Children 6–9 years old were at least twice more likely to carry parasites than children up to 5 years old. For malaria incidence, 64.8–71.9 % of all children experienced at least one episode of clinical malaria in Binko and Carrière, respectively. The peak incidence was observed between August and October (end of the rainy season), but the incidence remained high until December. Surprisingly, the risk of clinical malaria was two- to nine-fold higher among children 5–9 years old compared to younger children. CONCLUSIONS: A shift in the peak of clinical episodes from children under 5–9 years of age calls for expanding control interventions, such as seasonal malaria chemoprophylaxis targeting the peak transmission months