Spermatic Cord Lymphoma: A Case Report and Literature Review

Spermatic cord lymphoma is a rare lethal disease. It has a poor prognosis even in stage I or II disease when treated locally, therefore, multidisciplinary treatment for early stage is recommended. On the other hand, the treatment of choice for stage III or IV spermatic cord lymphoma remains to be determined. It is said that spermatic cord lymphoma is clinicopathologically similar to primary testicular lymphoma, therefore the treatment of spermatic cord lymphoma has often been determined by reference to the recommended treatment for primary testicular lymphoma. Here we report a new case of spermatic cord lymphoma, which was found in stage IV disease. We also review thirty-three cases which have been reported as spermatic cord lymphoma to date, and discuss treatment options

Caracterização molecular dos seis homólogos do fator de início de tradução eIF4E de Trypanosoma cruzi

Submitted by Repositório Arca ([email protected]) on 2019-03-07T12:03:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Manoel Barata ([email protected]) on 2019-03-15T13:57:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissert_CamilaCunha.pdf: 11435745 bytes, checksum: bd9badc810898a5fd7ff67488917bf00 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-15T13:57:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissert_CamilaCunha.pdf: 11435745 bytes, checksum: bd9badc810898a5fd7ff67488917bf00 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Carlos Chagas. Curitiba, PR, Brasil.Nos tripanosomatídeos diferentes linhas de evidências indicam que a regulação da expressão gênica ocorre majoritariamente por mecanismos pós-transcricionais, sendo a biossíntese de proteínas, ou tradução, considerada uma etapa crítica para esta regulação. A etapa de iniciação da tradução é, sem dúvida, a mais complexa dentre todo o processo e a mais sujeita a mecanismos de regulação. Dentre as proteínas desenvolvidas no início da tradução, destaca-se o complexo eIF4F, formado pelas proteínas eIF4A, eIF4E e eIF4G. eIF4E parece ser o fator de início limitante e alvo de regulação na maioria dos eucariotos estudados e desta forma, presume-se que a formação de eIF4F é, em grande parte, regulada pela disponibilidade de eIF4E. Em tripanosomatídeos foi observada a ocorrência de múltiplos homólogos para as subunidades eIF4E e eIF4G, entretanto, esta multiplicidade de homólogos não é observada em outros eucariotos unicelulares, como por exemplo em leveduras. Embora existam estudos a cerca destes múltiplos homólogos em T. brucei e Leishmania, até o momento nenhuma função específica para cada homólogo foi caracterizada em T. cruzi, nem tampouco, foi descrito se há redundância em suas funções. Sendo assim, o objetivo desse trabalho é iniciar a caracterização molecular dos seis homólogos do fator de início de tradução eIF4E (eIF4E1-6) de T. cruzi. Para isto, foram produzidos anticorpos policlonais específicos para cada um dos homólogos de TceIF4E. Por ensaios de Western blotting foi visto que a expressão de todos os homólogos é regulada durante a metaciclogênese. Ensaios de imunofluorescência indireta mostraram que TceIF4E1-6 possuem localização citoplasmática no parasito. Além disso, a associação de TceIF4E1-6 com polissomos foi verificada através do fracionamento de extratos de parasitos tratados com cicloheximida e puromicina em gradientes de sacarose, e sugerem funções distintas destes homólogos no processo de tradução. Os resultados obtidos poderão definir se estes fatores estão associados a mecanismos de regulação gênica únicos dos tripanossomatídeos, não encontrados nos demais eucariotos, que possam no futuro contribuir para a produção de quimioterápicos, capazes de inibir especificamente a síntese proteica destes parasitos.In trypanosomatids different lines of evidence indicate that the regulation of gene expression occurs mainly by post-transcriptional mechanisms and protein biosynthesis, or translation, is considered a critical step for this regulation. Translation initiation is a key step for the gene expression control and involves several translation initiation factors (eIFs). Among those factors is eIF4E, a subunit of the eIF4F complex that also includes eIF4G and eIF4A. The eIF4E factor appears to be the limiting start and a target factor in most eukaryotes. In this way, formation of eIF4F is presumed to be largely regulated by the availability of eIF4E. In trypanosomatids 6 eIF4E and 5 eIF4G homologues were identified, and multiple homologues have not been described in others unicellular eukaryotes, such as yeasts. Despite many studies of these multiple homologues have been described in T. brucei and Leishmania, little is known about these factors in T. cruzi and no specific function for each homologue has been characterized or have been described if there is redundancy in its functions. Thus, the aim of our study is to start the molecular characterization of the eIF4E factors in T. cruzi. Specific polyclonal antibodies against the six TceIF4E homologues were produced and the analysis by Western blotting of TceIF4E1-6 expression levels have shown that all homologs are regulated during metacyclogenesis. Immunofluorescence assays of wild type parasites indicated that all eIF4E homologues have a cytoplasmic localization in replicative forms of T. cruzi. In addition, the association of TceIF4E1-6 with polysomes was verified by the fractionation of extracts of mutant parasites treated with cycloheximide and puromycin in sucrose gradients, and the results obtained suggest different functions of these homologues in the translation process. Altogether, these approaches will provide new insights into the role of each TceIF4E protein in the translational control of gene expression in T. cruzi and define if these factors are associated to unique mechanisms of gene regulation of trypanosomatids, not found in other eukaryotes, which may in the future contribute to the production of chemotherapeutic agents, capable of specifically inhibiting the protein synthesis of these parasites

Measuring acetic acid dimer modes by ultrafast time-domain Raman spectroscopy

Acetic acid is capable of forming strong multiple hydrogen bonds and therefore different dimeric H-bonded structures in neat liquid phase and in solutions. The low frequency Raman spectra of acetic acid (neat, in aqueous solution and as a function of temperature) were obtained by ultrafast time and polarization resolved optical Kerr effect (OKE) measurements. Isotropic OKE measurements clearly reveal a specific totally symmetric mode related to the dimeric structure H-bond stretching mode. The effects of isotope substitution, water dilution and temperature on this mode were investigated. These results together with anisotropic OKE measurements and density functional theory calculations for a number of possible dimers provide strong evidence for the cyclic dimer structure being the main structure in liquid phase persisting down to acetic acid concentrations of 10 M. Some information about the dimer structure and concentration dependence was inferred

Low-frequency modes of the benzoic acid dimer in chloroform observed by the optical Kerr effect

The low frequency Raman spectral density associated with the intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interaction of benzoic acid in chloroform was investigated through the ultrafast optically-heterodyne-detected optical Kerr effect. The low-frequency solute Raman spectrum was obtained by Fourier transform analysis and subtraction of the solvent spectrum from the solution spectrum. The resulting difference spectrum has a broad band below 150 cm-1 with a peak at around 80 cm-1. Previous studies of aromatic liquids suggest that the origin of such a low-frequency band is librational motion, although intermolecular hydrogen-bonding modes in benzoic acid may also contribute. To clarify these contributions to the low-frequency band, methyl benzoate was used to estimate the librational component; its structure is similar to benzoic acid, but it forms no intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Both librational and intermolecular modes were found to contribute to the low-frequency Raman spectrum of the dimer and thus can be separated. These experimental results were compared with the results of density functional theory calculations. In addition, the effect of deuteration on the Raman spectrum was also investigated

Frequency Dependence of Vibrational Energy Relaxation and Spectral Diffusion of the N–H Stretching Band of Pyrrole–Base Complexes in Solution

A study on the vibrational dynamics of the NH stretching mode of pyrrole–base complexes in carbon tetrachloride, using subpicosecond infrared pump–probe (PP) spectroscopy, is reported. The time evolution of the PP signal of the NH stretching mode for all the complexes was frequency-dependent; the signal decay time increased with the frequency. This frequency dependence was thought to originate from the relationship between vibrational energy relaxation (VER) and spectral diffusion. For hydrogen-bonded systems, spectral diffusion corresponds to the reorganization of the solvent environment. Qualitative analysis of the frequency dependence of the PP signal decay time indicated that a simple energy gap law could not be applied to all the pyrrole–base complexes. This conclusion was supported by spectral simulation of the PP signal using the modified Smoluchowski equation to clarify the frequency dependence of the VER and the spectral diffusion

The efficient detection of membrane protein with immunoblotting: lessons from cold-temperature denaturation

　Transmembrane proteins play essential roles in cell signaling, transport of membrane-impermeable molecules, cell-cell communication, and cell adhesion. Our recent work demonstrated that reactive oxygen species-generating NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4), a protein with multiple transmembrane domains, is involved in cell migration by stabilizing vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2), a single-span transmembrane protein. During this study and with further verification, we developed a simple method to prepare protein samples without aggregating these membrane proteins for SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting, and deglycosylation assay. We found that heating was unnecessary for protein denaturation for SDS-PAGE and deglycosylation assay. Also, the detectable amounts of VEGFR-2 and Nox4 were increased in the sample treated at 4℃ compared with the sample treated at 98℃ . Moreover, the N-glycan of VEGFR-2 was digested by glycosidase at reaction temperature 4℃