Tellurite and phospho-tellurite glasses: candidate materials for fiber Raman amplifiers

The necessity of materials innovation in the field of Raman amplification is reviewed. A new family of tellurite and phospho-tellurite glasses containing heavy metal oxides suitable for ultra-broadband Raman amplification was designed and fabricated. These glasses show enhanced properties than the silica based glasses studied so far for the Raman amplifier application. In addition to the bandwidth, the gain characteristics of these glasses were proved to be much higher than those of the silica based materials. The various structural units which contribute to the overall Raman band were unravelled. Accordingly Raman band engineering was used to tailormake glass compositions with wide continuous Raman bands. This chapter also details the enhanced thermal properties of these glasses suitable for fiber fabrication and the third order nonlinear optical properties which are essential for optical switching and other nonlinear optical effects

Optimization of drafting zone variables in ring spinning for the production of cotton/milkweed blended yarns

Cotton/milkweed (60/40) blended yarn of 29.5 tex has been produced on a ring spinning system. The influence of fibre friction, front zone roller setting and front top roller pressure at speed frame and ring frame on yarn properties has been studied using the Box and Behnken design. The optimum conditions within the processing limits of the machines are established. It is observed that a higher fibre friction gives higher yarn tenacity and lower yarn unevenness, imperfection and hairiness. The roller setting and top roller pressure also influence the yarn properties at speed frame and ring frame. With the increase in roller setting the yarn tenacity increases initially and then decreases, while other yarn properties deteriorate at wider roller settings. The increase in top roller pressure leads to reduction in yarn unevenness, imperfection and hairiness due to better control of milkweed fibres in the drafting zone. In general, blends of cotton/alkali-treated milkweed fibres with moderate to lower roller setting and moderate to higher level of top roller pressure give better results

Plant Growth Regulators in Mulberry

Plant growth regulators are organic compounds synthesized in specified plant parts in small quantity and are transported to the place of requirement leading to a change in physiological responses. Plant growth regulators can be classified into growth promoters and growth retardants. Plant growth regulators are auxins, gibberellin, cytokinin and growth retardants are Abscisic acid and ethylene. The latest one added to the growth promoter is Brassinosteroid, used to translocate the nitrogen and phosphorus. Triacontanol is one of the commercial formulations and used to increase the moisture and protein content of leaves, which ultimately built the disease resistance in silkworm. Plant growth promoting Rhizobacteria stimulates the plant growth regulators like auxins, gibberellins etc., and help in better nutrient uptake and increase tolerance. Vermicompost also contains some plant growth regulators. The combined effect of different plant growth regulators will give positive result in mulberry growth

Spinnability of cotton/milkweed blends on ring, compact and rotor spinning systems

The physical characteristics of cotton/milkweed yarns spun on ring, compact and rotor spinning systems in relation to blend proportion and chemical treatment of milkweed fibres have been studied. During spinning of milkweed fibre blends, greater fibre losses in carding and flies during drafting are observed in further stages. It is observed that amongst the ring, compact and rotor yarns, the compact-spun blended yarns show higher yarn tenacity and elongation values followed by ring and rotor-spun yarns. The rotor-spun blended yarns show lower yarn unevenness, imperfections and hairiness values than compact and ring-spun yarns due to its mechanism of yarn formation. With the increase in milkweed proportion, the yarn quality deteriorates, irrespective of spinning systems due to lack of cohesiveness and brittleness of milkweed fibres, and drastic reduction in yarn quality is noticed for 40/60 cotton/milkweed blend. By considering the effect of chemical treatment of milkweed fibres, it is observed that the alkali-treated milkweed fibre blended yarns show better yarn properties due to improvement in fibre friction and elongation values followed by dyed and untreated milkweed fibres

Optimization of process variables in rotor spinning for the production of cotton/milkweed blended yarns

Cotton/milkweed (60/40) blended yarn of 29.5 tex has been produced on rotor spinning system. The influence of fibre friction, opening roller speed and sliver linear density on rotor yarn properties has been studied using Box and Behnken factorial design and the optimum conditions within the processing limits of the machines are established. The results show that fibre friction is the dominant factor in determining the tensile properties and other properties of rotor-spun yarn. It is observed that a higher fibre friction gives higher yarn tenacity, and lower yarn unevenness, imperfection and hairiness. The opening roller speed also has a greater influence on rotor yarn properties.  With an increase in opening roller speed, the number of points per fibre increases, which results in better fibre separation and improvement in yarn properties. But very high opening roller speed deteriorates the yarn properties and increases the end breakage rate mainly due to fibre breakage and low fibre straightness. Generally, heavier sliver weight leads to higher spinning draft which deteriorates the yarn properties

Sharks in Sangam Literary Fishermen's Lives and Contemporary Fishermen's Lives

The Sangam literature consists of texts that explain the internal lives of peoples from five ancient Tamil land divisions. In this anthology, Neythal explains the life of the sea and the fishermen who are dependent on the sea and also describes the sea creatures of marine life. Records of fishes are also found among these species. 18 types of fish are found in this way. Similarly, the writer conducted a field survey of fishermen living in Pamban village in Rameswaram circle, Ramanathapuram district, and found 204 types of fish. The five types of fish found in Sangam literature are lobster fish, codfish, shark fish, swordfish, and sawshark fish, and they are found in the lives of modern fishermen. The main occupation of fishermen is fishing. These fishing methods were documented in Sangam literature by poets of the time. Sharks mentioned in Sangam literature are also found among fishermen living in four places: Pondicherry, Cuddalore District, Mandapam, and Pampan (Ramanathapuram District). Here, the names of these sharks, their types, their habitats, characteristics of sharks, hunting of sharks, food of sharks, breeding patterns, worship of sharks, and other uses of sharks have been investigated

Analysis of structural properties of cotton/milkweed blended ring, compact and rotor yarns

This study has been conducted to explore the relationship between yarn structure and yarn characteristics of cotton/milkweed (C/M) blended yarns. The fibre migration index values reveal that the milkweed fibres are predominantly in the yarn sheath of C/M 80/20 yarn, whereas it occupies the yarn core in C/M 60/40 and 40/60 combinations as small clusters. Fibre migration studies reveal that the compact spun yarns have higher fibre migration factor which is responsible for their tenacity followed by ring- and rotor-spun yarns. The effective packing density of C/M blended yarn decreases with the increase in milkweed blend proportion due to less cohesiveness and poor self locking structure of fibres in the yarn cross-section

STUDY OF VIBRIO SPECIES AND ITS OCCURRENCE FREQUENCY IN COLLECTED SEAFOOD SAMPLES

ABSTRACTObjective: The intention of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of Vibrio species in seafood samples.Methods: A total of 20 seafood samples include finfishes and crustaceans of marine origin were collected from the local fish market of Kanchipuram,Tamil Nadu. Vibrio colonies were isolated from the samples and identified by cultural, morphological, and biochemical studies. Then, the percentagefrequencies of the Vibrio species were intended.Results: A total of 58 Vibrio colonies were isolated from the collected seafood samples. In this, Barracuda fishes contained a higher number ofVibrio colonies (16.07%) followed by Indian mackerel and Crustaceans (12.5%). The foremost three Vibrio species, viz., Vibrio cholerae, VibrioParahaemolyticus, and Vibrio alginolyticus were identified by studying cultural, morphological, and biochemical characteristics, and the incidencepercentage was found as 22.41%, 17.24%, and 12.07%, respectively, from the total Vibrio colonies isolated.Conclusion: Thus, these results revealed that the pathogenic Vibrio species of V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus was found higher percentages incollected seafoods.Keywords: Seafood, Vibrios, Finfish, Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Nordhaus-Gaddum Type Relations on Open Support Independence Number of Some Path Related Graphs Under Addition and Multiplication

في هذا البحث ، تمت دراسة العلاقات من نوع نوردهاوس - جادوم في عدد استقلالية الدعم المفتوح لبعض الرسوم البيانية المشتقة من الرسوم البيانية المتعلقة بالمسار تحت الجمع والضرب.In this paper, Nordhaus-Gaddum type relations on open support independence number of some derived graphs of path related graphs under addition and multiplication are studied