Forced precession of the cometary nucleus with randomly placed active regions

The cometary nucleus is assumed to be triaxial or axisymmetric spheroid rotating about its axis of maximum moment of inertia and is forced to precess due to jets of ejected material. Randomly placed regions of exposed ice on the surface of the nucleus are assumed to produce gas and dust. The solution of the heat conduction equation for each active region is used to find the gas sublimation rate and the jet acceleration. Precession of the comet nucleus is followed numerically using a phase-averaged system of equations. The gas production curves and the variation of the spin axis during the orbital motion of the comet are presented

Quantitative immunohistochemistry in lung cancer: clinical perspective.

Quantitative immunohistochemistry remains an important tool in translational lung cancer research with hopes to improve patient outcomes and avoid unnecessary therapies. Present review is aimed to summarize the use of immunohistochemical markers for improved prognostic information and prediction of treatment benefit. Several of these markers are currently explored in phase II-III clinical studies to individualize the treatment of lung cancer

Ammonia and other parent molecules in comet 10P/Tempel 2 from Herschel/HIFI and ground-based radio observations

The Jupiter-family comet 10P/Tempel 2 was observed during its 2010 return with the Herschel Space Observatory. We present here the observation of the (J, K) = (1, 0)-(0, 0) transition of ammonia at 572 GHz in this comet with the Heterodyne Instrument for the Far Infrared (HIFI) of Herschel. We also report on radio observations of other molecules (HCN, CH3OH, H2S and CS) obtained during the 1999 return of the comet with the CSO telescope and the JCMT, and during its 2010 return with the IRAM 30-m telescope. Molecular abundances relative to water are 0.09%, 1.8%, 0.4%, and 0.08% for HCN, CH3OH, H2S, and CS, respectively. An abundance of 0.5% for NH3 is obtained, which is similar to the values measured in other comets. The hyperfine structure of the ammonia line is resolved for the first time in an astronomical source. Strong anisotropy in the outgassing is present in all observations from 1999 to 2010 and is modelled to derive the production rates.Comment: 6 pages and 8 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysic

Prognostic significance of dose intensity and haematological toxicity in breast cancer patients administered with adjuvant CMF chemotherapy

Wstęp. Celem pracy była ocena rokowniczego znaczenia wybranych czynników klinicznych, w tym szczególnie intensywności dawki i hematologicznej toksyczności towarzyszącej pooperacyjnej chemioterapii u chorych na raka piersi.Materiał i metody. Przeanalizowano dane 264 chorych, które od stycznia 1990 do grudnia 1997 otrzymały 6 cykli pooperacyjnej chemioterapii według schematu CMF: cyklofosfamid 100 mg/m2 podawany doustnie od 1. do 14. dnia każdego cyklu, metotreksat 40 mg/m2 i.v. w 1. i 8. dniu oraz 5-fluorouracyl 600 mg/m2 i.v. w 1. i 8. dniu. Cykle powtarzanoco 4 tygodnie.Wyniki. Mediana średniej względnej intensywności dawki dla wszystkich leków wyniosła 86%, w tym dla cyklofosfamidu, metotreksatu i 5-fluorouracylu odpowiednio 83%, 77% i 93%. Pięcio- i dziesięcioletnie przeżycia całkowite wynosiły odpowiednio 76% i 62%, a przeżycia bez nawrotu choroby — 69% i 59%. W analizie wieloczynnikowej jedynymi znamiennymi czynnikami rokowniczymi były liczba zajętych przerzutami pachowych węzłów chłonnych oraz średnia względna intensywność dawki chemioterapii — wartość ≥ 78% związana była ze znamiennie dłuższym czasem przeżycia (współczynnik ryzyka 0,60; p < 0,001) i czasem do nawrotu choroby (współczynnik ryzyka 0,57; p = 0,045).Wnioski. Względna intensywność dawki chemioterapii ≥ 78% związana była z wydłużeniem czasu przeżycia i czasu do nawrotu choroby. Obniżenie wartości leukocytów, erytrocytów, hemoglobiny i płytek krwi nie miało prognostycznego znaczenia.Introduction. The aim of the study was to assess the prognostic significance of selected clinical factors, including dose intensity and haematological toxicity in breast cancer patients administered with adjuvant CMF chemotherapy.Material and methods. The study group were 264 patients who received 6 CMF cycles between 1990 and 1997. The CMF regimen consisted of cyclophosphamide 100 mg/m2 p.o. on days 1–14, methotrexate 40 mg/m2 i.v. on days 1 and 8, and 5-fluorouracil 600 mg/m2 i.v. on days 1 and 8, every four weeks, for a total of six cycles.Results. Median follow-up was 7.7 years (range 4.0–11.6 years). The dose intensity of administered cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil relative to the planned dose intensity was calculated for each patient. Median average relative dose intensity for all drugs was 86% (83%, 77% and 93% for cyclophosphamide, methotrexateand 5-fluorouracil, respectively). Actuarial survival probability at 5 and 10 years was 76% and 62%, and disease freesurvival probability 69% and 59%. Using multivariate analysis the number of involved lymph nodes and relative doseintensity were the only significant prognostic factors. A value of 78% or more was associated with longer overall survival (hazard ratio 0.6; p = 0.045) and time to relapse (hazard ratio 0.57; p < 0.001).Conclusion. Relative dose intensity of 78% or more was associated with longer overall survival and time to relapse. Decreased values of white blood cells, erythrocytes, haemoglobin and platelets did not carry prognostic information