Bioodpady parków wypoczynkowych jako miejscowy surowiec do wytwarzania energii

Biomass is the oldest and third in terms of volume renewable energy source. Biomass produced by recreational parks is organic matter (fresh of dry) produced by plants as a consequence of their normal growth. Plant waste (bio-waste) produced mainly due to leaf abscission in autumn and during maintenance works are generally transported outside park area. This results in a loss of potential profit for the manager/owner of the site. Bio-waste may be stored in composting plants or incinerated in on-site incineration plants producing energy for the park (and its environs) and thus contributing to energetic self-sufficiency of the park. The aim of this article is to estimate biomass volume available in selected Lodz city parks for use in energy production.Biomasa to najstarsze i trzecie co do wielkości na świecie naturalne odnawialne źródło energii. Biomasę parków wypoczynkowych stanowi substancja organiczna (w postaci świeżej lub suchej) powstająca podczas naturalnego rozwoju roślin na obszarze parku. Pozostałości roślinne (bioodpady) nagromadzone głównie podczas jesiennego opadu liści i prowadzonych zabiegów pielęgnacyjnych w parku są przeważnie wywożone poza jego teren. Taka sytuacja wiąże się utratą potencjalnych dóbr dla zarządcy/właściciela terenu. Bioodpady mogą być magazynowane w kompostownikach lub spalane w spalarniach na miejscu, wytwarzając energię dla parku (jak i otoczenia) i przyczyniając się w ten sposób do samowystarczalności parku pod względem energetycznym. Artykuł zawiera szacunkowe obliczenia dotyczące możliwości pozyskania biomasy na cele energetyczne na przykładzie wybranych parków Łodzi

Review of full powers measures of landscape quality

Query of currently binding legal regulations in Poland indicated a lack of legal concretisation of the landscape idea - which could mean that in consequence it is impossible to describe values of landscape. However by affinity of the idea of landscape with the idea of environment it is possible to describe selected components of landscape common for both ideas according to the rules included in legal acts. For such can be recognized: fossils, soils, waters, air, plants and animals. The above mentioned list of full power landscape components, by colligation of the ideas of landscape and environment, indicates that in the Polish legal system mainly legal entries regarding natural landscape components can found. An analysis of the content of selected legal regulations regarding landscape components specified above demonstrated that their legal concretisation is performed by variously apprehended ways in the description of their different characteristics. The way of describing as well as the choice of characteristics indicate that in Polish law regulations, value of the landscape is vastly perceived, in the opinion of the authors in the three variants of quality are outlined as: natural value of landscape, landscape utility value and landscape lost value. The above mentioned values are described in analysed regulations with application of various measures taking the form of either a condition, standard, norm, specification, parameter or lastly tarificator. The identification of types of measures applied to the description of landscape value in currently binding regulations, although preliminary, indicates a clear tendency of diffraction in their use depending on the type of defined value of landscape

Resilience, rapid transitions and regime shifts: Fingerprinting the responses of Lake Żabińskie (NE Poland) to climate variability and human disturbance since AD 1000

Rapid ecosystem transitions and adverse effects on ecosystem services as responses to combined climate and human impacts are of major concern. Yet few long-term (i.e. >60 years) quantitative observational time series exist, particularly for ecosystems that have a long history of human intervention. Here, we combine three major environmental pressures (land use, nutrients and erosion) with quantitative summer and winter climate reconstructions and climate model simulations to explore the system dynamics, resilience and the role of disturbance regimes in varved eutrophic Lake Żabińskie (NE Poland) since AD 1000. The comparison between these independent sources of information allows us to establish the coherence and points of disagreements between such data sets. We find that climate reconstructions capture noticeably natural forced climate variability, while internal variability is the dominant source of variability during most parts of the last millennium at the regional scale, precisely at which climate models seem to underestimate forced variability. Using different multivariate analyses and change point detection techniques, we identify ecosystem changes through time and shifts between rather stable states and highly variable ones. Prior to AD 1600, the lake ecosystem was characterised by high stability and resilience against observed natural climate variability. During this period, the anthropogenic fingerprint was small; the lake ecosystem was buffered against the combined human and natural disturbance. In contrast, lake–ecosystem conditions started to fluctuate across a broad range of states after AD 1600. The period AD 1745–1886 represents the phase with the strongest human disturbance of the catchment–lake ecosystem. During that time, the range of natural climate variability did not increase. Analyses of the frequency of change points in the multi-proxy data set suggest that the last 400 years were highly variable and increased vulnerability of the ecosystem to the anthropogenic disturbances. This led to significant rapid ecosystem transformations