The Geography of Religious and Confessional Structures in the Crown of the Polish Kingdom in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century

The book minutely depicts the territorial organization of religions and confessions in the Crown part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the second half of the eighteenth century. It focuses on the spatial range and variety of the communities in the region, which was a melting pot of many different religions, confessions and denominations. The picture the book paints owes its depth and detail both to the characterization of the borderlands, and to the heterogeneous and homogeneous zones. Prof. Michael Müller: "The book represents a methodologically most innovative, and empirically very rich, contribution to at least three fields of study: historical geography, religious history and historical demography. For the first time, we get a full, and reliable, picture of the churches of all Christian denominations and of the synagogues (and of the religious institutions and organizations behind them) that existed in the lands of the Crown prior to the first partition of Poland.

Rozwój struktur parafialnych i dekanalnych metropolii mohylewskiej (1783–1918)

The article presents, in chronological order, a geographic-historical analysis of the development of parish structures in the Mogilev metropolis in 1783–1918. The analysis has been based on two primary sources: the annual diocesan handbooks called Schematisms and registers of the clergy. The changes in the network of parishes are presented within the territorial administrative units of the higher level: deaneries and dioceses (of Mogilev, Vilnius, Samogitian diocese, and the dioceses of Lutsk and Zhytomyr, Kamianets-Podilskyi, Minsk, and Tiraspol). The paper attempts to interpret these changes by establishing their causes and circumstances.Artykuł w układzie chronologicznym przedstawia analizę geograficzno-historyczną rozwoju struktur parafialnych w metropolii mohylewskiej w latach 1783–1918. Główną podstawę źródłową stanowią schematyzmy diecezjalne oraz spisy duchowieństwa. Zmiany sieci parafialnej zostały ukazane w ramach jednostek administracyjnych wyższego rzędu: dekanatów oraz diecezji (mohylewskiej, wileńskiej, żmudzkiej, łucko-żytomierskiej, kamienieckiej, mińskiej, tyraspolskiej). Tekst podejmuje próbę interpretacji tych zmian przez określenie ich przyczyn i okoliczności

Struktury religijne na przykładzie „Atlasu wyznań i religii w Rzeczypospolitej w drugiej połowie XVIII w.”

The present article deals with harmonization of selected geographical and historical information on territorial structures of religions and denominations in the 18th century Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and their cartographical presentation. It refers to two categories constituting the content of the map, namely churches and units of territorial administration of particular religions. The Author focuses on problems concerning interpretation of written and cartographic sources as well as the methods of transferring those interpretations onto the cartographic form, which requires precision and accuracy. He indicates the criteria for the qualification of sacral places (in the formal and functional-architectural aspects) which detertheir inclusion in “Atlas of Religions and Confessions in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 2nd Half of the 18th Century” Referring to the tradition of the existing cartographic forms, the Author discusses the categories of sacral places and the methods of presenting them in the main map in the scale 1:300 000. In the case of borders, the Author focused attention on the problem of harmonization of territorial structures of the Latin, Lutheran and Jewish denominations. The conclusion emphasizes the necessity for generalization and simplification of the presented phenomena which the recipient of cartographic presentations should be aware of. At the same time, the Author indicated a need for reliable information to be reflected in a content-related commentary and an index including the source basis and all kinds of remarks concerning the map

Religie i wyznania w Atlasie historycznym Polski XVI wieku

The article characterises the content pertaining to religious structures and their presentation methods in the Historical Atlas of Poland (AHP) programme. It identifies the causes and describes the circumstances of changes in the depiction of religious topics at various phases of the project. It also presents the paths of the AHP development, shaped by discussions around the role of historical cartography and socio-religious history, which influenced how religious issues were treated in the AHP programme and publishing series.Artykuł zawiera charakterystykę treści dotyczących struktur religijnych oraz metod ich prezentacji w programie „Atlasu historycznego Polski”. Identyfikuje przyczyny oraz opisuje okoliczności zmian w ujmowaniu tematyki wyznaniowej w poszczególnych fazach rozwoju projektu atlasowego. Ukazuje różne ścieżki rozwojowe AHP, kształtowane przez dyskusje wokół roli kartografii historycznej oraz historii społeczno-religijnej, które wpływały na sposób ujęcia problemów religijnych w programie i serii wydawniczej AHP

Ontologie w historyczno-geograficznych systemach informacyjnych

Pozna

GIS w polskiej edukacji wyższej – dyskusja

The idea for this publication was barn in June 2015, during a meeting of Polish teachers involved with Geographic lnformation Systems. The meeting was initiated by the Department of Geoinformation, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, University of Łódź, which received a grant to organize it. The discussion and presentations from academic teachers representing various universities in Poland were very interesting and sometimes heated. it would be advisable for other educators to familiarise themselves with the aspects of GIS education among Polish geographers, foresters, surveyors and other users. The experience of Geoinformation education in Poland is still modest, so the views of people who have been involved at Polish universities with it since the 1990s should be interesting to readers. Geographic lnformation Systems (GIS) – the integration of environmental and climate issues as an important factor for economic development and quality of life – an innovative second-degree studies. Akronim GIS-E-QL: GIS for environment and quality of life. Project objectives: The main aim of the project is to start-up attractive and innovative second­ degree studies – geoinformation in mutual cooperation of the FGS and the FMCS, students education, improving the competence of academic teachers, conference organization, publishing, cooperation with practitioners and establishing contacts with partners from Norway. This aim is consistent with the “Ana lysis of the economy's demand for graduates in key field of strategy in the context of the Europe 2020” 2012 and “Strategy for development of higher education in Poland 2020”, in the field of promoting innovative courses, formed collectively with practitioners, raising awareness of the environment. Joint actions of educators and practitioners, supported the by the strengthening of university's hardware, software and spatial data, will ensure a high quality project. The existing cooperation with practitioners indicate that further training is necessary and they would like to see postgraduates in their institutions. The final beneficiaries of the project will be the students and the academical teaching staff and indirectly the economy of the region. Students who graduate will be the main recipient of the project, the next will be teaching staff who will have contact with the practices and Norwegian partners with similar interests. In broad terms the project will benefit Polish and European economy and environment.The experience of Polish scientists and educators in the GIS has not been as long as mentioned by Michael F. Goodchild who jointly with Ross Newkirk (Goodchild 2006) started the fi rst GIS training course at the University of Western Ontario in Canada in 1975. Discussions on the scope of knowledge included in the GIS have continued at most universities that have offered such classes. In 1988/89, owing to the National Centre for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA), the 3-volume document of over 1000 pages was put together to include curriculums, student materials and other teaching aids. We have good models and we can use them. Meetings and discussions about the GIS education have been and still are regularly held all over the world (Forer P., Unwin D. 1999). When employees of Polish universities were starting to learn the GIS software and possibilities, Morgan J. M., Fleury B., Becker R. A. (1996) had already identifi ed over 800 higher education institutions all over the world that had offered at least one GIS course. The rapid development of new technologies, methods, the creation of new labour markets has arisen discussions on the contents GIS training in various centres of higher education, e.g. in the Netherlands, the US, and those have been similar to the ones presented in this article (Toppen F. J. 1992) and some issues needed to be resolved in court (DiBiase, D. 2008). You can see how important these meetings of educators are for exchanging opinions and experience. They have allowed to meed people representing various fi elds involved in the geoinformation, which may result in co-operation and new educational initiatives, and sometimes, competition. Finally, we should agree with prof. J. Gaździcki (2009 p. 12) that “It is obvious that the success of any measures to modernise education in the area under consideration depends on the interest of academic communities, involvement of research and academic staff in these endeavours, their will, ambition and willingness to co-operate”.This book has been prepared within the project „Geographic Information Systems (GIS) – the integration of environmental and climate issues as an important factor of economic development and quality of life – an innovative second-degree studies” supported by a grant from Norway through the Norway Grants and co-financed by the Polish funds. (Agreement No FSS/2014/HEI/W/0114/U/0013)

Spatio-temporal databases as a tool for historical geography

Artykuł odnosi się do trudności w praktycznym zastosowaniu czasowo-przestrzennych baz danych w badaniach geograficzno-historycznych. Praktyka badawcza, oprócz bezsprzecznych zalet włączenia narzędzi bazodanowych do prac historycznych, przynosi także istotne trudności związane z niepewnością, niepełnością oraz brakiem precyzji informacji historycznych. Cechy te, a także subiektywizm (interpretacyjność) wnioskowania historycznego, powinny być uwzględniane w budowaniu historycznych systemów informacji geograficznej. Gromadzone w ten sposób informacje historyczne stają się łatwo dostępne do wtórnej interpretacji (schemat źródłowy). Schemat krytyczny bazy danych, konstruowany wspólnie przez historyków, ontologów inżynieryjnych oraz specjalistów od modelowania danych, powinien uwzględniać zarówno „wydarzeniowość”, jak i „procesowość” zjawisk historycznych, a także skomplikowaną charakterystykę obiektów czasowo-przestrzennych (spór między endurantystami i perdurantystami).The present article deals with problems of the practical application of spatio-temporal databases in geo-historical studies. Research practice – besides the indisputable advantages of applying database tools for analysis of historical data – also includes the significant problems of uncertainty, incompleteness and lack of precision of historical sources. These features, as well as the subjectivism (interpretability) of should be taken into account while building historical geographical information systems. Existing solutions consider to only a small extent the properties of the research process appropriate to historical geography. One of the solutions suggested in the present article is a division of a database structure into two interrelated schemes: a source scheme and a critical scheme. Historical information thus gathered becomes easily accessible for secondary interpretation (the source scheme). The critical scheme of the database, which is collectively constructed by historians, engineering ontologists and specialists in database modelling, should consider both the event and the process character of historical phenomena as well as the complex characteristics of spatio-temporal objects (the dispute between endurantists and perdurantists)

Religions and confessions in the Historical Atlas of Poland of the Sixteenth Century

Artykuł zawiera charakterystykę treści dotyczących struktur religijnych oraz metod ich prezentacji w programie „Atlasu historycznego Polski”. Identyfikuje przyczyny oraz opisuje okoliczności zmian w ujmowaniu tematyki wyznaniowej w poszczególnych fazach rozwoju projektu atlasowego. Ukazuje różne ścieżki rozwojowe AHP, kształtowane przez dyskusje wokół roli kartografii historycznej oraz historii społeczno-religijnej, które wpływały na sposób ujęcia problemów religijnych w programie i serii wydawniczej AHP.The article characterises the content pertaining to religious structures and their presentation methods in the Historical Atlas of Poland (AHP) programme. It identifies the causes and describes the circumstances of changes in the depiction of religious topics at various phases of the project. It also presents the paths of the AHP development, shaped by discussions around the role of historical cartography and socio-religious history, which influenced how religious issues were treated in the AHP programme and publishing series

The Size and Geography of the Royal Patronage in Poland During the Reign of King Zygmunt III Vasa

The article is an attempt at presenting the size and distribution of the king's patronage in Poland with a special emphasis on the situation in the Chełm diocese. Zygmunt III Vasa (1588-1632) had the right of patronage from which the right of presenting a candidate for benefices (the right of presentation) issued with respect to the most important Church offices in Poland. This first of all concerned the benefices of higher categories that gave a considerable income. Zygmunt III was the patron of all the bishoprics in Poland as well as of the important prebends in cathedral and collegiate chapters. The cathedral chapters in the Lvov province, established mostly in the 14th and 15th centuries are characterized by a considerably higher degree of participation of the king's patronage than the chapters in the old dioceses in the Gniezno province. Also a big part of the parishes (25.4% in the Chełm diocese) were under the protection of the king and his officials. In the case of the cathedral chapters of the Gniezno province the number of prebends under the king's patronage was smaller than of those under the bishop's one, whereas in the case of parishes the king's patronage was smaller than the nobility's one. Only in a few situations can one come across the king's right of patronage with respect to lower benefices, eg. hospital provostries. The benefices under the king's patronage in Poland were connected with the ruler's ownership. Hence their distribution resulted both from political events (the shape of political borders, wars) and from the social-economic situation (the course of settlement process, economic attractiveness) of particular areas which influenced the possession structure and defined the percentage of crown lands in the total area of land. The distribution of the king's patronage in the Chełm diocese in that period can be defined as regular (1-2 royal churches in a deanery). It usually included old towns in which parish churches were founded as the first ones in the diocese. During the more than four centuries of the Chełm diecese's existence the participation of the king's patronage gradually decreased in favour of that of the nobility and clergy. A detailed analysis of the changes in the Chełm diocese shows that in the years 1588-1632 21 churches were first built or renovated, of which only three were connected with royal ownership. The question remains open if this process was typical of this one diocese, or of all the dioceses in Poland