Approximate Degradable Quantum Channels

Degradable quantum channels are an important class of completely positive trace-preserving maps. Among other properties, they offer a single-letter formula for the quantum and the private classical capacity and are characterized by the fact that a complementary channel can be obtained from the channel by applying a degrading channel. In this work we introduce the concept of approximate degradable channels, which satisfy this condition up to some finite $\varepsilon\geq0$. That is, there exists a degrading channel which upon composition with the channel is $\varepsilon$-close in the diamond norm to the complementary channel. We show that for any fixed channel the smallest such $\varepsilon$ can be efficiently determined via a semidefinite program. Moreover, these approximate degradable channels also approximately inherit all other properties of degradable channels. As an application, we derive improved upper bounds to the quantum and private classical capacity for certain channels of interest in quantum communication.Comment: v3: minor changes, published version. v2: 21 pages, 2 figures, improved bounds on the capacity for approximate degradable channels based on [arXiv:1507.07775], an author adde

Death of Charitable Trust Corporation Law

Since the subject of non-profit corporations covers such a broad area, this paper will be limited to Type B corporations (i.e., the charitable type) as described in the new New York Not-For-Profit Corporations Law. These classifications of the new statutory concept (Types A, B, C, D) look to the general purpose of the organization, rather than to a very specific purpose, or to whether or not stock is issued. The New York law further provides for the possibility of any corporation having multiple and overlapping purposes, thus providing a very rational and simple (though debatable as to policy) test to apply for classification purposes

Urine metabolomic analysis to detect metabolites associated with the development of contrast induced nephropathy.

ObjectiveContrast induced nephropathy (CIN) is a result of injury to the proximal tubules. The incidence of CIN is around 11% for imaging done in the acute care setting. We aim to analyze the metabolic patterns in the urine, before and after dosing with intravenous contrast for computed tomography (CT) imaging of the chest, to determine if metabolomic changes exist in patients who develop CIN.MethodsA convenience sample of high risk patients undergoing a chest CT with intravenous contrast were eligible for enrollment. Urine samples were collected prior to imaging and 4 to 6 hours post imaging. Samples underwent gas chromatography/mass spectrometry profiling. Peak metabolite values were measured and data was log transformed. Significance analysis of microarrays and partial least squares was used to determine the most significant metabolites prior to CT imaging and within subject. Analysis of variance was used to rank metabolites associated with temporal change and CIN. CIN was defined as an increase in serum creatinine level of ≥ 0.5 mg/dL or ≥ 25% above baseline within 48 hours after contrast administration.ResultsWe sampled paired urine samples from 63 subjects. The incidence of CIN was 6/63 (9.5%). Patients without CIN had elevated urinary citric acid and taurine concentrations in the pre-CT urine. Xylulose increased in the post CT sample in patients who developed CIN.ConclusionDifferences in metabolomics patterns in patients who do and do not develop CIN exist. Metabolites may be potential early identifiers of CIN and identify patients at high-risk for developing this condition prior to imaging

Evidence for Adsorption of Chlorine Species on Iron(III) (hydr)oxides in the Sheepbed Mudstone, Gale Crater, Mars

Chlorine is a widespread element on Mars present in dust, soils and rocks, including the Sheepbed mudstone at Yellowknife Bay, Gale crater. Combined elemental and volatile analyses of two drilled samples, Cumberland and John Klein, indicated that chloride (Cl-) and perchlorate (ClO4 -) are likely present in the mudstone. The nature of chlorine species in Sheepbed mudstone is still not well constrained. It has been proposed that both are present as amorphous or crystalline salts physically mixed with mudstone minerals. We alternatively hypothesize that adsorbed perchlorate and chloride exist in the mudstone and adsorption could occur, in particular, on Fe(III) (hydr)oxide phases as supported by laboratory observations on terrestrial materials. Mineralogical and compositional analyses of the drilled Cumberland mudstone sample revealed the presence of ~30 wt% of a Fe-rich X-ray amorphous phase. Ferrihydrite has been proposed as a component of the Fe-rich X-ray amorphous material. The objectives of this work were to determine adsorption of perchlorate and chloride on ferrihydrite and to enable data comparison by characterizing adsorbed chloride and perchlorate with thermal and evolved gas analysis run under operating conditions similar to the SAM instrument onboard the Curiosity rover

Mitigating smart card fault injection with link-time code rewriting: a feasibility study

We present a feasibility study to protect smart card software against fault-injection attacks by means of binary code rewriting. We implemented a range of protection techniques in a link-time rewriter and evaluate and discuss the obtained coverage, the associated overhead and engineering effort, as well as its practical usability

FEDERAL TAXATION OF SETTLORS OF TRUSTS

In the Revenue Act of 1924 there simultaneously appeared three new provisions. By Section 219(g) the income of trusts revocable by the grantor, either alone or in conjunction with any person not a beneficiary, of the trust, was specifically required to be taxed to the grantor as his income. By Section 302(d) there was required to be included in the gross estate of a deceased grantor the value at his death of any property previously given by him in trust, where the enjoyment of such property remained subject to change through the exercise by the grantor, either alone or in conjunction with any other person, of the power to alter, amend or revoke. Section 319 imposed a gift tax (which remained in effect through 1924 and 1925) upon the transfer by gift of any property, directly or indirectly