REPLACING FUEL OIL BURNER IN A ZINC BATH KETTLE FOR GALVANIZATION PROCESS BY COAL CYCLONE ONE

Most galvanizing industries use fuel oil to maintain a zinc bath temperature within the 440 – 455°C range. The oil burner is used in a heating chamber and the flue gas is then passed into the heating space under a zinc bath kettle at a temperature of 600°C. In this works one of the oil burner would be replaced by a coal burner. The kettle dimension is 12 x 1.5 x 1.8 m for its inner length, width and depth respectively. The heating space under the kettle is divided into two sections, each section is heated by a single oil burner of 50 - 80 litres/hour burning capacity. As there is no access into the heating space to remove the accumulated ash, the employed coal combustion technique should not transfer the ash into this chamber. For this purpose a vertical cyclone coal burner is used in a section with combustion capacity of 100 - 200 kg coal/hour. To minimize ash accumulation, a cyclone dust sepa- rator is connected after the cyclone burner, thus a cleaner flue gas enters the heating chamber. The coal used is a low ash sub-bituminous type of 5,500 kcal/kg at with particle sizes less than 30 mesh. Observation of temperature fluctuation in oil heated and coal heated sections during galvanization process showed that the fluctuation in both sections are in balance, indicating that the coal heating matches fuel oil heating in this system. The fuel used are 124 kg/hour for coal and 60 l/hour for fuel oil. To maintain zinc bath temperature around 430 – 455°C within 7 days galvanizing time operation it is found that fuel consumption is 20,300 kg of coal in the coal heated section and 10,080 l fuel oil in the oil heated section. It means that 1 l fuel oil is equivalent to 2 kg of coal or coal efficiency is 18.2% lower than the oil one in this system. The ash produced by the combustion of coal which trapped by both cyclones is 80% which is accumulated in the burner and 20% in the cyclone dust separator. The energy efficiency of coal is lower than that of the fuel oil since the use of fuel oil is directly burned within heating chamber, otherwise the coal is combusted in a cyclone burner and the flue gas enters the heating chamber after a longer journey through a cyclone dust separator

Persebaran Cerita Panji dalam Spirit Kenusantaraan

The Creation of the Character of Xiao Mei in the Play Script of Senja dan Penantian by Hernandes Saranela Inspired by the Chinese Widow Film. The Panji story that appeared around the XIII century at the end of King Airlangga in Singasari, East Java, became popular in the golden age of the Majapahit kingdom. In 1330 Gajah Mada was appointed by King Putri Majapahit Tribhuanatunggadewi as the ‘Mahapatih’ of the Majapahit kingdom. One year later, in 1331, to be precise, Mahapatih Gajah Mada made an oath known as the “Palapa Oath.” The “Palapa Oath” stated, among other things, that Gajah Mada would not enjoy/eat a palapa before “Nusantara” could be unified. As Mahapatih, every effort was made to realize the ideals contained in the “Palapa Oath.” Mahapatih Gajah Mada increasingly found a clear path after Tribhuanatunggadewi died, and was replaced by his first son named Hayam Wuruk. When he was crowned, king Hayam Wuruk was 16 years old. Under the inexperienced ‘Raja Muda,’ Mahapatih Gajah Mada’s power grew even more remarkable. It is even said that the real king of Majapahit was Gajah Mada. Due to the tremendous efforts of Mahapatih Gajah Mada, the expansion of the Majapahit empire was influential in various regions throughout the Archipelago. Furthermore, with a synchronic approach, it can be assumed that the spread and existence of the Panji story in various regions in Indonesia can be considered as traces of Mahapatih Gajah Mada’s expansionary politics in realizing his ideals as pronounced in the famous ‘Palapa Oath.’ As it is known, the distribution of the Panji story then adapted to local cultures, which made the Panji story have various versions. For example, the Panji story’s performance in Central Java, Malay, Lombok, Kalimantan, and even to countries on the Southeast Asian peninsula. So two important things to note are that the spread of the Panji story in various regions is in line with Gajah Mada’s expansionary politics. It contains the spirit of ‘Kenusantaraan.’ Various versions of the Panji story in the multiple areas show the nature of diversity in the Archipelago’s unity, which is centered in the Majapahit Kingdom. That is what inspired the founders of this republic to adopt the philosophy of “BHINEKA TUNGGAL IKA,” including the color of the flag “red and white” derived from “coconut sugar,” which has been known since the Majapahit era.Keywords: the distribution of the Panji story; the Palapa Oath; the Archipela

DEVELOPMENT OF CYCLONE COAL BURNER FOR FUEL OIL BURNER SUBSTITUTION IN INDUSTRIES

The high fuel oil price forces the industries to seek cheaper alternative energy. Coal is the most promising alternative energy in Indonesia. To face this situation, R & D Centre for Mineral and Coal Technology (tekMIRA) has developed a cyclone burner. This burner has the combustion characteris- tics nearly the same as the fuel oil burner that this burner may alter the fuel oil burner in various industrial facilities, such as steam boiler, oil heater, rotary dryer, metal smelter and heat exchanger. The cyclone burner combusting coal powder of -30 mesh may match the energy output of the former altered fuel oil burner. The burning of coal emits long flame and the combustion rate may be con- trolled by a variable feeder. It may be shut of and then put on instantaneously as it is practiced in oil burner. Fine adjustment of the coal and air supply were performed and this burner was set up in vertical and horizontal position. In this substitution 1 litre fuel oil was substituted by 1.5 up to 1.8 kg of coal of 5700 kcal/kg

Dinding Panel Bertulangan Bambu Dengan Bahan Pasir, Semen Dan Kapur

Dinding panel atau lebih dikenal dengan panel-panel dinding merupakan salah satu komponen non struktural dari suatu bangunan. Pada umumnya tembok atau dinding dibuat dari pasangan batu merah yang dilapisi dengan mortar pada volume besar, dan letak bangunan di daerah dengan perlakuan khusus, karena daerah gempa dan bangunan gedung bertingkat, pembuatan dinding dengan batu merah yang dikerjakan di lapangan akan menimbulkan dampak yang tidak baik pada suatu bangunan seperti : pekerjaan lama, boros tenaga kerja dan memiliki berat sendiri yang cukup besar. Pada penelitian ini mencoba menganalisis dinding panel dengan bahan tambah kapur dengan perkuatan tulangan dari bambu. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis seberapa besar kekuatan lentur dinding panel dengan perkuatan tulangan dari bambu. Penelitian ini mengunakan 4 variasi perbandingan campuran yang berbeda.Perbandingan variasi 1 (pasir : semen : kapur = 6:1:0), variasi 2 (pasir : semen : kapur = 5:1:1), variasi 3 (pasir : semen : kapur = 4:1:2), variasi 4 (pasir : semen : kapur = 5:1:2). Dari penelitian ini didapatkan berat jenis dinding panel pada perbandingan 1 sebesar 2183,33 Kg/m3, perbandingan 2 sebesar 1979,77 Kg/m3, perbandingan 3 sebesar 1934,88 Kg/m3, perbandingan 4 sebesar 2071,33 Kg/m3. Kuat lentur perbandingan 1 sebesar 2,9289 MPa, Kuat lentur perbandingan 2 sebesar 2,3522 MPa, Kuat lentur perbandingan 3 sebesar 2,009 MPa, Kuat lentur perbandingan 4 sebesar 2,3019 MPa. Nilai kuat lentur yang didapatkan dari penelitian ini tidaklah kecil sehingga dinding panel tersebut dapat dijadikan pengganti dari dinding konvensional tanpa mengesampingkan kekuatan dari dinding tersebu

THE USE OF SUB-BITUMINOUS COAL IN COMBINATION FIRING FOR TILE, BRICK AND LIMESTONE BURNING

Combination fi ring of fi rewood and bituminous coal was recommended to reduce fi rewood consumption and to increase energy effi ciency. However, bituminous coal deposit in Indonesia has been depleted, therefore the use of sub-bituminous coal for combination fi ring should be promoted. In this work the use of sub-bituminous coal for combination fi ring was investigated in tile, brick and limestone burning. The calorifi c value of the sub-bituminous coal was only 4.6% lower than the value of bituminous coal. The increase in energy effi ciencies using sub- bituminous coal were lower than that of using bituminous coal. Compared with the use of fi rewood alone the increase in energy effi ciencies using combination fi ring of fi rewood and sub-bituminous coal in tile, brick and limestone burning were 45.7, 53.6 and 28.3% respectively. While, in the use of bituminous coal, the increase were 70.8, 75.1 and 91.9% respectively. In the combination fi ring, the fi rewood substituted by coal using sub-bituminous coal were smaller than the use of bituminous coal, i.e. for tile, brick and limestone burning, using sub- bituminous coal the substituted fi rewood were 47.7, 44.6 and 45.0% respectively while using bituminous coal there were 54.5, 50.0 and 66.0% respectively. It was revealed that the superiority of bituminous coal come from its higher content of high hydrocarbon volatiles which produced higher radiative fl ame resulting more effi cient burning processes

THE USE OF CYCLONE COAL BURNER TO SUBSTITUTE OIL BURNER IN ALUMINUM SMELTER USING REVERBERATORY FURNACE

The increasing of oil price forces the industries to alter their fuel from oil into a cheaper fuel. Undoubt- edly, coal is a promising energy alternative in Indonesia. To save the cost, altering the fuel oil into coal in industries may be accomplished just by altering the oil burner with coal burner, therefore the exist- ing equipment still can be used without much modification. The coal combustor employed should have nearly the same characteristic with the oil combustor, so that the performance of the kiln or other equipment served by the combustor is not change significantly. R & D Centre for Mineral and Coal Technology (TekMIRA) has developed cyclone combustor for coal with particle size of less than 30 mesh. The combustion is stable at the rate of 50 – 180 kg/hr coal with excess combustion air of 22 – 26%. The length of cyclones is ranged from 120 up to 220 cm, the internal diameter is 60 up to 80 cm and the combustion temperature is 1200 up to 1325°C. This combustor characteristics are nearly the same with oil combustor such as: the combustion flame may be directed; high intensity combustion, long flame; and it is not difficult to match the energy output of previous oil combustor. In this experiment the cyclone combustor was used to replace the oil combustor in a reverberatory furnace to refine aluminum from aluminum scrap by melting the material at 1000 – 1060°C. For 500 kg aluminum, the oil consumption was 47.5 litre for 2.5 hour or the average was 19 lt/hr and the energy efficiency was 29.2%. Using high ash bituminous coal with cyclone burner, the coal consumption was 129 kg for 1.8 hour or the average was 71.6 kg/hr and the energy efficiency was 17.9%. A higher efficiency was obtained by using low ash sub bituminous coal, that the coal consumption was 82 kg for 81 minutes or the average was 60 kg/hr and the energy efficiency was 29.0%. Therefore it is a good opportunity for coal to substitute fuel oil in this reverberatory furnace and many other oil fuelled processes such as in boiler, lime calcination, mineral drying etc

EFFECT OF GAMMA IRRADIATION ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SAGO PALM (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) CALLI

The application of gamma irradiation on plant materials may increase the genetic variation of the offspring with useful traits. The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of irradiation dosage of gamma ray on growth and development of sago palm (Metroxylon sagu) calli. Friable calli of sago palm derived from suspension culture were used as a material source. The primary calli were initiated from apical meristematic tissues of sago palm suckers of Alitir variety from Merauke, Papua. The treatments used were dosage of gamma ray irradiation at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 Gy. The treated calli were then subcultured on modified Murashige and Skoog (MMS) solid medium containing 3% sucrose and 0.1% activated charcoal and added with 1 mg l-1 2,4-D and 0.1 mg l-1 kinetin. The results showed that at all irradiation dosages, calli biomass increased significantly. The highest proliferation of calli biomass of 5.33 folds from the initial culture after 4 weeks was achieved at gamma irradiation of 25 Gy, whereas the lowest proliferation of calli biomass of 3.4 folds was achieved at control. The best development of embryogenic calli was obtained at 10 Gy that produced 100% somatic embryos, whereas the lowest somatic embryo formation at 0% was obtained at 0 and 25 Gy after one subculture. High response of somatic embryo induction to gamma irradiation at 10 Gy may increase production of somatic embryos. These results can be used in in vitro breeding of sago palm via mutagenesis to create new elite varieties

Assessing Building Vulnerability to Tsunami Hazard Using Integrative Remote Sensing and GIS Approaches

Risk and vulnerability assessment for natural hazards is of high interest. Various methods focusing on building vulnerability assessment have been developed ranging from simple approaches to sophisticated ones depending on the objectives of the study, the availability of data and technology. In-situ assessment methods have been widely used to measure building vulnerability to various types of hazards while remote sensing methods, specifically developed for assessing building vulnerability to tsunami hazard, are still very limited. The combination of remote sensing approaches with in-situ methods offers unique opportunities to overcome limitations of in-situ assessments. The main objective of this research is to develop remote sensing techniques in assessing building vulnerability to tsunami hazard as one of the key elements of risk assessment. The research work has been performed in the framework of the GITEWS (German-Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System) project. This research contributes to two major components of tsunami risk assessment: (1) the provision of infrastructure vulnerability information as an important element in the exposure assessment; (2) tsunami evacuation modelling which is a critical element for assessing immediate response and capability to evacuate as part of the coping capacity analysis. The newly developed methodology is based on the combination of in-situ measurements and remote sensing techniques in a so-called “bottom-up remote sensing approach”. Within this approach, basic information was acquired by in-situ data collection (bottom level), which was then used as input for further analysis in the remote sensing approach (upper level). The results of this research show that a combined in-situ measurement and remote sensing approach can be successfully employed to assess and classify buildings into 4 classes based on their level of vulnerability to tsunami hazard with an accuracy of more than 80 percent. Statistical analysis successfully revealed key spatial parameters which were regarded to link parameters between in-situ and remote sensing approach such as size, height, shape, regularity, orientation, and accessibility. The key spatial parameters and their specified threshold values were implemented in a decision tree algorithm for developing a remote sensing rule-set of building vulnerability classification. A big number of buildings in the study area (Cilacap city, Indonesia) were successfully classified into the building vulnerability classes. The categorization ranges from high to low vulnerable buildings (A to C) and includes also a category of buildings which are potentially suitable for tsunami vertical evacuation (VE). A multi-criteria analysis was developed that incorporates three main components for vulnerability assessment: stability, tsunami resistance and accessibility. All the defined components were configured in a decision tree algorithm by applying weighting, scoring and threshold definition based on the building sample data. Stability components consist of structure parameters, which are closely related to the building stability against earthquake energy. Building stability needs to be analyzed because most of tsunami events in Indonesia are preceded by major earthquakes. Stability components analysis was applied in the first step of the newly developed decision tree algorithm to evaluate the building stability when earthquake strikes. Buildings with total scores below the defined threshold of stability were classified as the most vulnerable class A. Such the buildings have a high probability of being damaged after earthquake events. The remaining buildings with total scores above the defined threshold of stability were further analyzed using tsunami components and accessibility components to classify them into the vulnerability classes B, C and VE respectively. This research is based on very high spatial resolution satellite images (QuickBird) and object-based image analysis. Object-based image analysis is was chosen, because it allows the formulation of rule-sets based on image objects instead of pixels, which has significant advantages especially for the analysis of very high resolution satellite images. In the pre-processing stage, three image processing steps were performed: geometric correction, pan-sharpening and filtering. Adaptive Local Sigma and Morphological Opening filter techniques were applied as basis for the subsequent building edge detection. The data pre-processing significantly increased the accuracy of the following steps of image classification. In the next step image segmentation was developed to extract adequate image objects to be used for further classification. Image classification was carried out by grouping resulting objects into desired classes based on the derived object features. A single object was assigned by its feature characteristics calculated in the segmentation process. The characteristic features of an object - which were grouped into spectral signature, shape, size, texture, and neighbouring relations - were analysed, selected and semantically modelled to classify objects into object classes. Fuzzy logic algorithm and object feature separation analysis was performed to set the member¬ship values of objects that were grouped into particular classes. Finally this approach successfully detected and mapped building objects in the study area with their spatial attributes which provide base information for building vulnerability classification. A building vulnerability classification rule-set has been developed in this research and successfully applied to categorize building vulnerability classes. The developed approach was applied for Cilacap city, Indonesia. In order to analyze the transferability of this newly developed approach, the algorithm was also applied to Padang City, Indonesia. The results showed that the developed methodology is in general transferable. However, it requires some adaptations (e.g. thresholds) to provide accurate results. The results of this research show that Cilacap City is very vulnerable to tsunami hazard. Class A (very vulnerable) buildings cover the biggest portion of area in Cilacap City (63%), followed by class C (28%), class VE (6%) and class B (3%). Preventive measures should be carried out for the purpose of disaster risk reduction, especially for people living in such the most vulnerable buildings. Finally, the results were applied for tsunami evacuation modeling. The buildings, which were categorized as potential candidates for vertical evacuation, were selected and a GIS approach was applied to model evacuation time and evacuation routes. The results of this analysis provide important inputs to the disaster management authorities for future evacuation planning and disaster mitigation

The Role of Sleep Quality as Mediator of Relationship between Workload and Work Fatigue in Mining Workers

The mining environment is a place to work with a high level of risk. One of the factors that cause work accidents in the mining area is work fatigue or work fatigue. The purpose of this study was to reveal the role of sleep quality as a mediator of the relationship between workload and work fatigue in mining workers in Indonesia. Research participants were mining workers who worked in the field with a 12-hour / day shift work system (n = 232). Measurements were made using 3 scales, namely Full Time Equivalent (FTE) for workload, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) for sleep quality, and Three-Dimensional Work Fatigue Inventory (3D-WFI) for work fatigue. The results of the analysis using bootstrapping 5000 showed that workload has a significant effect on the level of work fatigue which is mediated by sleep quality. High workload results in poor sleep quality and high levels of fatigue so that mining companies need to maintain the quality of sleep for field workers to minimize work accidents due to work fatigue

EX VITRO ROOTING OF OIL PALM (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) PLANTLETS DERIVED FROM TISSUE CULTURE

Plantlets of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) derived from so-matic embryos sometimes do not form well developed-roots. Root formation of unrooted-plantlets can be induced with aux-in during ex vitro acclimatization period to simplify the proce-dure and to reduce seedling production cost. Experiments were conducted using a completely randomized design to determine the effect of different types of auxin, i.e. indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), and 1-naphthalene-acetic acid (NAA) at different concentrations, i.e. 0, 2, 4, 8, and 16 mM on root development of oil palm plantlets. The plantlets used were derived from somatic embryos of MK 649 oil palm clone. The basal end of the shoots was dipped in auxin solution for 10 minutes before the shoot was cultured in a small plastic pot containing a mixed growing medium. The cultures were then placed inside a closed transparent plastic tunnel (240 cm x 100 cm x 95 cm) for 12 weeks. The results showed that without auxin treatment only 15% of the shoots formed roots. Dipping in auxin solution increased significantly root frequen-cy to more than 50%. The best root formation was found on the shoots treated with 2 mM NAA by which rooting frequency was 80%. Auxin treatments also increased root quality as indi-cated by more number of primary and secondary roots. IAA, IBA, and NAA treatments at all concentrations tested increased significantly shoot height on average by 42% and shoot diame-ter by 30% compared to control treatment, but did not influ-ence root length. The best treatment for inducing roots of oil palm plantlets ex vitro was by dipping the basal end of the plant-lets in 2 mM NAA solution. The result showed that rooting of oil palm plantlets could be successfully conducted ex vitro that would eliminate sterile rooting stage thus simplify the protocol and reduce seedling production time and cost