An Empirical Model for Build-up of Sodium and Calcium Ions in Small Scale Reverse Osmosis

A simple models for predicting build-up of solute on membrane surface were formulated in this paper. The experiments were conducted with secondary effluent, groundwater and simulated feed water in small-scale of RO with capacity of 2000 L/d. Feed water used in the experiments contained varying concentrations of sodium, calcium, combined sodiumand calcium. In order to study the effect of sodium and calcium ions on membrane performance, experiments with ground water and secondary effluent wastewater were also performed. Build-up of salts on the membrane surface was calculated by measuring concentrations of sodium and calcium ions in feed water permeate and reject streams usingAtomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Multiple linear regression of natural logarithmic transformation was used to develop the model based on four main parameters that affect the build-up of solute in a small scale of RO namely applied pressure, permeate flux, membrane resistance, and feed concentration. Experimental data obtained in a small scale RO unit were used to develop the empirical model. The predicted values of theoretical build-up of sodium and calcium on membrane surface were found in agreement with experimental data. The deviation in the prediction of build-up of sodium and calcium were found to be 1.4 to 10.47 % and 1.12 to 4.46%, respectively

AN EMPIRICAL MODEL FOR BUILD-UP OF SODIUM AND CALCIUM IONS IN SMALL SCALE REVERSE OSMOSIS

A simple models for predicting build-up of solute on membrane surface were formulated in this paper. The experiments were conducted with secondary effluent, groundwater and simulated feed water in small-scale of RO with capacity of 2000 L/d. Feed water used in the experiments contained varying concentrations of sodium, calcium, combined sodiumand calcium. In order to study the effect of sodium and calcium ions on membrane performance, experiments with ground water and secondary effluent wastewater were also performed. Build-up of salts on the membrane surface was calculated by measuring concentrations of sodium and calcium ions in feed water permeate and reject streams usingAtomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Multiple linear regression of natural logarithmic transformation was used to develop the model based on four main parameters that affect the build-up of solute in a small scale of RO namely applied pressure, permeate flux, membrane resistance, and feed concentration. Experimental data obtained in a small scale RO unit were used to develop the empirical model. The predicted values of theoretical build-up of sodium and calcium on membrane surface were found in agreement with experimental data. The deviation in the prediction of build-up of sodium and calcium were found to be 1.4 to 10.47 % and 1.12 to 4.46%, respectively.Keywords: build-up, membrane, model, osmosis, wate

Hospital Wastewater: Prediction of Contaminant Characteristics and the Possibility of Hybrid Membrane Process

Hospital as one of the possible causes of water pollutants containing infectious, pathogens, toxic, biodegradable, radioactive contaminants, pharmaceutical product that can be a hazard agent in the environment. Wastewater treatment plant owned hospitals generally have not been able to eliminate with either of these compounds. National estimates of production wastewater 48.985,70 tons/day, which the total of hospitals in Indonesia as 2.410 hospitals with beds 295.035. The focus of hospital wastewater treatment in Indonesia is basically accordance with government regulations for reducing the chemical, physical, biological and radioactive materials from the wastewater. Climate of Indonesia is located in tropical regions may be produce additional types and other characteristics of wastewater. The Objective of this study to give an overview study of the new pollutant types of contaminants that require special processing through a hybrid membrane technology. The method used in this research were study literature of any membrane process in other countries and investigation of secondary data from multiple hospitals in Indonesia to determine the wastewater characteristics with government regulation. The study of result showed the characteristics of hospital wastewater of tropical region to provide suggestions scientifically for improvements government regulations that are currently used in Indonesia. The other result of this study can provide a picture of hybrid membrane technology in reducing the special waste with optimum process

Utilization of Bentonite and Hybrid UF-RO in Treatment of Pulp Industry Wastewater

The purpose of this research is to investigate the performance of bentonite,hybrid of ultra-filtration and reverse osmosis (UF-RO) in improving the quality of liquid waste produced by pulp industry. The parameter used in this research is pH, turbidity, and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD).  The variable examined is operating time and feed water flow rate. The results show that the hybrid of UF-RO is able to produce permeates with optimum pH of 7,23 at 60 minutes operating time and reduce the turbidity almost 99% of the COD to 18 mg. L-1. It is suggested that the Bentonite and hybrid of UF/RO can be applied in the treatment of pulp and paper industries

Ceramic Filters and their Application for Cadmium Removal from Pulp Industry Effluent

The purpose of this paper was to investigate the performance of ceramic filters made from a mixture of natural clay, rice bran, and iron powder in removing cadmium from pulp industry effluent. Some parameters were examined such as acidity, total dissolved solid (TDS), total suspended solid (TSS), electrical conductivity (EC), and cadmium concentration. Results showed that the composition percentage of the ceramic filter, which in this case amounted to 87.5% natural clay, 10% rice bran, and 2.5% iron powder, may decrease cadmium concentration in pulp industry effluent by up to 99.0%. Furthermore,  the permeate flux decreased after 30 minutes of filtration time, and subsequently became constant at one hour of contact time. In addition, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) micrographs of the ceramic filter surfaces indicate that ceramic filters have a random pore structure and can be categorized as microfiltration filters

The Utilization of Ceramic Membrane for Treating of Water from Sekanak River Palembang to Produce Clean Water

The aims of this research is to produce clean water from Sekanak River by using the ceramic membrane. Also, this study is to analyze the performance of ceramic membranes in terms of its ability to reduce the pollutants contained in water from Sekanak River. The ceramic membrane was tube-shaped, made from clay (87.5 %w), iron powder (2.5 %w) and activated carbon of oil palm empty bunch (10 %w). The operation condition of membrane separation was of 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 60 minutes, 75 minutes, 90 minutes and the applied  pressure  was of 1.0 bar, 1.5 bar and 2.0 bar. The reduction pollutants (Fe, Mn, Zn, NH3-N, NO2-, PO4-3,H2S, BOD5, and TSS) concentration increased with increasing the pressure and the operating time of membrane separation. After treating by the ceramic membrane, the  average rejection of Fe, Mn, Zn, NH3-N, NO2-, PO4-3, H2S, BOD5, and TSS  are 81.22%, 95.00%,  99.00%, 85.19%, 78.85%, 73.95%, 97.78%, 87.55%, and 75.46% respectively. The pollutant concentrations in the effluent were met the Environmental Quality Standards (BML)

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIP) Based Electrochemical Sensor for Detection of Endosulfan Pesticide

The use of endosulfan pesticides in agriculture can cause environmental problems, such as pollution in aquatic environments that can lead to destruction of fishery resources and drinking water. So, it has become imperative to detect and separate the hazardous pesticide endosulfan from contaminated water. In this work, molecularly imprinted membrane has been fabricated for the specific recognition by using methacrylic acid (MAA) as functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethyl acrylate (EGDMA) as cross linker. The molecular imprinting of endosulfan on membrane matrix was confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). This was followed by sensing of the endosulfan by voltammetry. The electrochemical potential is additional information enhancing the selectivity of the sensor. It can be concluded that MIP-based voltammetric sensors are very promising analytical tool for the development of highly selective analytical sensor. The test results of electrode performance indicated that MIP endosulfan-based aluminum-carbon sensor had detection limit of 0.02 mM, sensitive in the concentration range from 0.02 to 0.12 mM with Nernst factor > 0.059 V/decade and had good stability.

The Screening Of Potential Antibiotics From Hospital Wastewater In Tropical Region (Case Study At Palembang, South Sumatra, Indonesia)

Clean water is a primary one of the causes of water quality degradation is pollution through the residue of human activity. Hospital is a potential pollutant source with the characteristics of hazardous and toxic wastewater. The components of pollutants in the wastewater of hospital is still limited investigated is antibiotic. The regulation of hospital wastewater in Indonesia as tropical and developing countries do not regulate antibiotics, while in the world the issue of zero tolerance of antibiotics becomes an important concern. Antibiotics have a persistent and resistant impact for the environment. In this research, screening for antibiotics by using samples from one type B hospital in Palembang City, Indonesia is done. Hospital wastewater samples in the non permanent pond are the residue of all process activities mixed in one pond. Screening using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC / Q-TOF / MS) 6500 Series for the Detection of Pharmaceuticals in Water is used to detect the antibiotics. The result of laboratory analysis shows that there are five types of antibiotics detected, namely Ciprofloxacin, Lincomycin, Metronidazole, Netilmicin, and Ofloxacin/Levofloxacin. The qualitative analysis concluded that Ciprofloxacin is one of type pontential antibiotics in the hospital wastewater. The result of this research recommends that the Indonesian Government should revise the regulation about antibiotics in the hospital wastewater

Fabrication of Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPE) by Using Emulsion Method as an Alternative Material For Vehicle Bumper Protector

Research on Fabrication of Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPE) by Using Emulsion Method as an Alternative Material For Vehicle Bumper Protector aims to produce of the thermoplastic elastomers by emulsion method with variation of composition ratio of polypropylene grafting and Maleic Anhydride (PP-g-MA)(mL) : latex (mL) : glycerin, to have strong tensile strength results according to British Plastic Federation standard 0.5 – 2.4 (N/mm2) standard for bumper material elongation maximum of 22.62%. Emulsion method was used as sample preparation which is grafting polypropylene (PP) with Maleate Anhydride (MA) then continued with PP-g-MA Emulsion Making and Natural Rubber Latex Density. The observation technique of the test is done by FTIR PP-g-MA analysis, stability test, TPE visual analysis, TPE surface morphology using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) tool and TPE tensile strength test. The results of FTIR analysis is that the samples closest to the carbonyl value of C = O with the highest absorption were without glycerine samples 1703.48 cm-1 with the absorption of 94.84% and carbonyl C-O 1219 cm-1 with the absorption of 95.19%. The stability testing of density values reaches the standard of the Plastic Federation of 0.91 - 1.30 g/mL, for samples having the highest and stable density values up to the seventh day of observation is a sample of PP-g-MA: Latex (75:25) which is 1.059 g/mL. In the SEM test on the PP-g-MA sample: Latex (75:25) with a average diameter pores size of 1.408 μm and the smallest diameter pore size of 0.728 μm. The highest value of tensile strength occurred in the sample with the comparison of PP-g-MA: Latex (75:25) 1,175 N/mm2 and a maximum elongation of 22.62%

Treatment of Wastewater from Rubber Industry Using Calcium Carbide Residue Adsorbent and Hybrid Membrane UF – RO

Hybrid UF – RO membrane technology is one of the new technologies of separation wastewater from the rubber industry to decrease turbidity and heavy metal contents such as iron and zinc. This technology is being used to replace the conventional installation process of wastewater treatment. Processing wastewater treatment from the rubber industry with the hybrid UF – RO membrane can produce permeate with quality standards, making it possible to be recycled as domestic water for water process in the industry. The technology of wastewater treatment from the rubber industry in this experiment involved the pre-treatment stage, using sand filter and adsorption using calcium carbide residue. The operating variables by flow rate into the UF and RO were 7 and 14 L.Min-1 and operation time were 15 to 90 minutes. The results of this study showed that the percentage reduced were 62.73% for turbidity, 83.28% for iron and 88.89% for zinc, respectively. Finally, it can be concluded that calcium carbide residue was potential to reduced turbidity and heavy metals such as iron and zinc from rubber industry wastewater