OR-003 Time-sequential Changes of Myocardial AMPK and PGC-1α Expression during Detraining between High-intensity Interval Training and Moderate-intensity Continuous Training on Wistar Rats

Objective Without appropriate training stimulus, the athlete experiences a loss of the physiological adaptations brought about by exercise. In most of highly trained athletes, short of training induces a rapid decline in VO2max, but it remains above control values. However, there is no specific information for normal people about the effects of detraining during certain period aerobic training. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of detraining between high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on myocardial AMPK and PGC-1α expression characterization time-sequential changes in Wistar rats, as well as the changing characteristics between AMPK and PGC-1α expression characterization and cardiacrespiratory fitness (CRF). Moreover, the potential mechanism for exercise arrangement was also investigated. Methods In this study, 27 four-month-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the sedentary control group (C), MICT group (M) and HIIT group (H).Animals in the training groups ran on a treadmill 5 days/week during 6 weeks. HIIT group (70%-90%-50%VO2max) and MICT (50%VO2max) group was ran for 50min exercise every training day. All the rats free to gather the food and drinking water. All rats were measured the VO2max after a week adaptive training and then the M group and H group began to exercise intervention. After 6 weeks of training, rats were randomly selected from each group at the 24h, the 3rd day, the 7th day and the 10th day. The Maximal oxygen uptake test was carried out before the samples were taken, and the abdominal aortic blood, myocardium and other tissues were collected after anesthesia. The expression characterization of AMPK and PGC-1α was tested by Western blotting analysis. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 17.0 and GraphPad Prism 5.01 for Windows. Data was presented as mean and standard deviation（SD), unless otherwise stated. The two-way ANOVA (intervention × time) with repeated measures were used to analyze differences of HIIT and MICT with time-sequential. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the difference between time-sequential among the groups for each variable. The relationship between variables was assessed using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The expression characterization of the detraining effect was also assessed using Cohen’s d effect sizes (ES) and thresholds (<0.5=small; 0.5~0.79=moderate;≥0.8=large). The level of significance was set at P<0.05 and the confidence intervals at 95%. Results VO2max showed a gradual downward trend in both H and M groups throughout the 10 days detraining periods. Detraining in the 10th day, training cessation resulted in the VO2max of H and M group were significantly lower than detraining 24h. (P<0.05). Detraining in 3rd day, myocardial AMPK and PGC-1α increased in H group, it was significantly higher than the C group (P<0.05), but there is no differences in the other detraining days(P>0.05). Furthermore, detraining in the 7th day myocardial PGC-1α decreased in H group, this value was significantly lower than detraining 24h (P<0.05). Detraining in 7th day, myocardial AMPK and PGC-1α started decreasing, but it was not significant than C group or other detraining days (P>0.05). Conclusions (1)The present data suggest that 6 weeks HIIT and MICT can increase the expression of myocardial AMPK and PGC-1α, the VO2max training effects disappeared after 10 days detraining. (2)Detraining during the 3rd day and the 7th day was the critical time point for retraining, endurance training intervention should be arranging among these days. (3)The VO2max time-sequential changes was partially consistent with AMPK and PGC-1α expression characterization, but AMPK and PGC-1α expression characterization was more sensitive than VO2max

Implications for functional diversity conservation of China’s marine fisheries

Publisher Copyright: Copyright © 2022 Zhao, He, Su, Xu, Xu, Zhang and Zhang.Functional diversity is critical to ecosystem stability and resilience to disturbances as it supports the delivery of ecosystem services on which human societies rely. However, changes in functional diversity over space and time, as well as the importance of particular marine fish species to functional space are less known. Here, we reported a temporal change in the functional diversity of marine capture fisheries from all coastal provinces in China from 1989 to 2018. We suggested that both functional evenness (FEve) and functional divergence (FDiv) changed substantially over time, especially with considerable geographic variation in FEve in the detected patterns. Even within the same sea, the relative contributions of fishes with various water column positions and trophic levels in different waters have different patterns. Together these results underline the need of implementing specific climate-adaptive functional diversity conservation measures and sustainable fisheries management in different waters.Peer reviewe

OR-005 Effects of HIITand MICT for 10 weeks on myocardial AMPK and PGC-1α in rats

Objective: The improvement of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is known as an effective strategy for prevention cardiovascular risk. Myocardial aerobic oxidation which control by the signal way of adenosine monophosphate -activated protein kinase (AMPK)- peroxisome proliferators γ activated receptor coativator-1-α (PGC-1α)  is the key for CRF. Previous studies only discuss the effect of the Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training (MICT) and High Intensive Interval Training (HIIT) on the signal way of AMPK- PGC-1α in skeletal muscle but not in the myocardium. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 10 weeks HIIT and MICT on the expression of AMPK and PGC-1α in the myocardium of wistar male rats. Methods: Wistar male rats (n=30) aged 6 weeks were randomly divided into HIIT or MICT or control (CON) group. The training groups ran on a treadmill 5 days/week for 10 weeks. HIIT group ran six times 3 minutes (0° slope) 90% of Vmax separated by 3 minutes 50% of Vmax and MICT group ran for 50min (0° slope) at 60–70% of maximal speed (Vmax). The expression of AMPK and PGC-1α were assessed by Western Blotting. Results: After 10 weeks training, HIIT and MICT both increased the AMPK and PGC-1α expression compared with the CON group. Compared with the MICT group, the expression of AMPK and PGC-1α were significantly higher than the HIIT group (p<0.05). AMPK in MICT group were significant increased 1.16 times, and in HIIT group were significant increased 1.28 times to CON (P<0.05). PGC-1α level of HIIT was significant increased to 1.32 times to CON and also significant increased to 1.15 times to Group M (P<0.05); PGC-1α level of MICT was significant increased to 1.15 times to CON. Conclusion：HIIT seems to improve myocardial AMPK and PGC-1α more efficiently than MICT in rats after 10 weeks training.&nbsp

PO-082 16-Week high intensity interval training does not alter LKB1 and AMPKα protein in Rats Liver

Objective Liver, as one of the most important organs involved in lipids and glucose metabolism, yet no study has examined the response of liver kinase B1 (LKB1) and AMP-activated protein kinase α(AMPKα) signaling after high intensity interval training. This study aims to evaluate the effect of 16-week high intensity interval training intervention on the expression of LKB1、AMPKα in liver of aging rats. Methods 8 -month-old male Wistar rats（n=40）were randomly divided into control group (C) and HIIT group (H). Group H with 70%-90%-50%VO2max intensity training for 50min/ day, 5 days / week, lasted for 16 weeks. Rats were killed on 0, 8 and 16 weeks. We examined the protein expression of LKB1 and AMPKα in liver. Proteins were analyzed by western blot analysis. Data are mean±SD; for ANOVA, p<0.05 was significant. Results The AMPKα levels in group C and group H increased with time and there was no significant difference between the groups. The content of LKB1 in group C and group H both increased first and then decreased, but there was no significant difference between the groups. Conclusions 16-week high intensity interval training intervention had no effect on LKB1, AMPKα protein expression in aging rats

Spatially Structured Environmental Variation Plays a Prominent Role on the Biodiversity of Freshwater Macrophytes Across China

Different non-mutually exclusive mechanisms interactively shape large-scale diversity patterns. However, our understanding of multi-faceted diversity and their determinants in aquatic ecosystems is far from complete compared to terrestrial ones. Here, we use variation partitioning based on redundancy analysis to analyze the relative contribution of environmental and spatial variables to the patterns of phylogenetic, taxonomic, and functional diversity in macrophyte assemblages across 214 Chinese watersheds. We found extremely high spatial congruence among most aspects of biodiversity, with some important exceptions. We then used variation partitioning to estimate the proportions of variation in macrophyte biodiversity explained by environmental and spatial variables. All diversity facets were optimally explained by spatially structured environmental variables, not the pure environment effect, implying that macrophyte are taxonomically, phylogenetically, and functionally clustered in space, which might be the result of the interaction of environmental and/or evolutionary drives. We demonstrate that macrophytes might face extensive dispersal limitations across watersheds such as topography and habitat fragmentation and availability

Cartographie de la biodiversité mondiale, profilage des espèces envahissantes et élaboration d'un indice global du changement de la biodiversité basé sur les facettes taxonomiques, fonctionnelles et phylogénétiques de la biodiversité des poissons d'eau douce

Biodiversity is a multifaceted concept that includes three main components, namely taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity. Biogeographical studies have paid more attention to the first two facets while the patterns and drivers of functional diversity and their changes because of global change remains largely unknown at the global scale. These knowledge gaps are especially large for freshwater fishes, because they not only account for a quarter of vertebrates and support the functioning and stability of ecosystems, but are also one the most threatened vertebrates groups in the world. Thus this thesis aims to improve the understanding of the functional diversity of global freshwater fishes and bridge the gap between taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic facets to evaluate the impacts of human activities on the multifaceted biodiversity of global fishes. Towards this aim, we first built a trait database describing the morphology of 10 600 species occurring in over 2 400 river basins all over the six terrestrial realms. First, we assessed the distributions of the morphological traits within the fauna of each realm. We revealed that fish morphological traits are different between realms and that morphologically extreme species are distributed in all realms. Second, using a multi-traits approach at the basin scale we found that the historical functional diversities have been shaped by habitat, energy and history-related variables. Third, we demonstrated that morphology differs between species that have never been introduced species and those that were introduced and those that were even established. Last, using a novel cumulative index combining changes in six facets of biodiversity we found that human activities have markedly affected fish biodiversity in more than half of the world river (52.8%, 1 297 rivers). Those biodiversity changes were primarily due to alterations of water connectivity and introductions of non-native species. This work underlined the potential of morphological features in the study of global freshwater fish functional diversity, and the combination of functional phylogenetic and taxonomic features in a novel multifaceted biodiversity change index will constitute a useful tool for biological conservation.La biodiversité est un concept à multiples facettes qui comprend trois composantes principales, à savoir la diversité taxonomique, phylogénétique et fonctionnelle. Les études biogéographiques ont jusqu'à présent accordé plus d'attention aux deux premières facettes tandis que les déterminants de la diversité fonctionnelle et ses changements sous l'effet de l'anthropisation restent largement inconnus à l'échelle du globe. Ces lacunes sont particulièrement importantes pour les poissons d'eau douce, car ils représentent non seulement un quart des vertébrés et soutiennent le fonctionnement et la stabilité des écosystèmes, mais sont également l'un des groupes de vertébrés les plus menacés au monde. Ainsi, l'objectif de cette thèse est d'améliorer la compréhension de la diversité fonctionnelle des poissons d'eau douce du globe et de combler le fossé entre les facettes taxonomiques, fonctionnelles et phylogénétiques pour évaluer les impacts des activités humaines sur la biodiversité des poissons d'eau douce. Dans ce but, nous avons d'abord construit une base de données de traits décrivant la morphologie de 10 600 espèces présentes dans plus de 2 400 bassins fluviaux dans les six royaumes terrestres. Nous avons d'abord testé les distributions des traits morphologiques des poissons dans chaque zone biogéographique Nous avons montré que les traits morphologiques des poissons sont i) très variés à travers le globe et ii) que la distribution de ces traits est diffère entre zones biogéographiques. Cependant, les espèces morphologiquement extrêmes occupent la plus grande partie de l'espace morphologique dans toutes les zones biogéographiques. De plus, en utilisant une approche multi-traits à l'échelle du bassin versant, nous avons constaté que la diversité fonctionnelle historique a été façonnée par des variables liées à l'habitat, à l'énergie et à l'histoire. Nous avons également démontré que la morphologie diffère entre les espèces qui n'ont jamais été introduites et celles qui ont été introduites et celles qui se sont même établies. Enfin, nous avons réalisé une approche holistique en proposant un nouvel indice cumulatif combinant les changements dans les six principales facettes de la biodiversité pour évaluer les impacts des activités humaines sur la biodiversité des poissons. Nous avons constaté que les activités humaines ont considérablement affecté la biodiversité des poissons dans plus de la moitié des fleuves mondiaux (52,8%, 1 297 bassins versants). Parmi ces cours d'eau, les zones tempérées sont les plus affectées par les changements de biodiversité, et les changements de biodiversité sont principalement dus à des altérations de la connectivité de l'eau et à l'introduction d'espèces non indigènes. Ce travail a souligné le potentiel des caractéristiques morphologiques dans l'étude de la diversité fonctionnelle mondiale des poissons d'eau douce, et le indice de changement de la biodiversité à multiples facettes donnera ici ouvre de nouvelles implications pour la conservation de la biodiversité

Mapping global biodiversity, profiling invasive species and developing a global index of biodiversity change based on taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic facets of freshwater fish biodiversity

La biodiversité est un concept à multiples facettes qui comprend trois composantes principales, à savoir la diversité taxonomique, phylogénétique et fonctionnelle. Les études biogéographiques ont jusqu'à présent accordé plus d'attention aux deux premières facettes tandis que les déterminants de la diversité fonctionnelle et ses changements sous l'effet de l'anthropisation restent largement inconnus à l'échelle du globe. Ces lacunes sont particulièrement importantes pour les poissons d'eau douce, car ils représentent non seulement un quart des vertébrés et soutiennent le fonctionnement et la stabilité des écosystèmes, mais sont également l'un des groupes de vertébrés les plus menacés au monde. Ainsi, l'objectif de cette thèse est d'améliorer la compréhension de la diversité fonctionnelle des poissons d'eau douce du globe et de combler le fossé entre les facettes taxonomiques, fonctionnelles et phylogénétiques pour évaluer les impacts des activités humaines sur la biodiversité des poissons d'eau douce. Dans ce but, nous avons d'abord construit une base de données de traits décrivant la morphologie de 10 600 espèces présentes dans plus de 2 400 bassins fluviaux dans les six royaumes terrestres. Nous avons d'abord testé les distributions des traits morphologiques des poissons dans chaque zone biogéographique Nous avons montré que les traits morphologiques des poissons sont i) très variés à travers le globe et ii) que la distribution de ces traits est diffère entre zones biogéographiques. Cependant, les espèces morphologiquement extrêmes occupent la plus grande partie de l'espace morphologique dans toutes les zones biogéographiques. De plus, en utilisant une approche multi-traits à l'échelle du bassin versant, nous avons constaté que la diversité fonctionnelle historique a été façonnée par des variables liées à l'habitat, à l'énergie et à l'histoire. Nous avons également démontré que la morphologie diffère entre les espèces qui n'ont jamais été introduites et celles qui ont été introduites et celles qui se sont même établies. Enfin, nous avons réalisé une approche holistique en proposant un nouvel indice cumulatif combinant les changements dans les six principales facettes de la biodiversité pour évaluer les impacts des activités humaines sur la biodiversité des poissons. Nous avons constaté que les activités humaines ont considérablement affecté la biodiversité des poissons dans plus de la moitié des fleuves mondiaux (52,8%, 1 297 bassins versants). Parmi ces cours d'eau, les zones tempérées sont les plus affectées par les changements de biodiversité, et les changements de biodiversité sont principalement dus à des altérations de la connectivité de l'eau et à l'introduction d'espèces non indigènes. Ce travail a souligné le potentiel des caractéristiques morphologiques dans l'étude de la diversité fonctionnelle mondiale des poissons d'eau douce, et le indice de changement de la biodiversité à multiples facettes donnera ici ouvre de nouvelles implications pour la conservation de la biodiversité.Biodiversity is a multifaceted concept that includes three main components, namely taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity. Biogeographical studies have paid more attention to the first two facets while the patterns and drivers of functional diversity and their changes because of global change remains largely unknown at the global scale. These knowledge gaps are especially large for freshwater fishes, because they not only account for a quarter of vertebrates and support the functioning and stability of ecosystems, but are also one the most threatened vertebrates groups in the world. Thus this thesis aims to improve the understanding of the functional diversity of global freshwater fishes and bridge the gap between taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic facets to evaluate the impacts of human activities on the multifaceted biodiversity of global fishes. Towards this aim, we first built a trait database describing the morphology of 10 600 species occurring in over 2 400 river basins all over the six terrestrial realms. First, we assessed the distributions of the morphological traits within the fauna of each realm. We revealed that fish morphological traits are different between realms and that morphologically extreme species are distributed in all realms. Second, using a multi-traits approach at the basin scale we found that the historical functional diversities have been shaped by habitat, energy and history-related variables. Third, we demonstrated that morphology differs between species that have never been introduced species and those that were introduced and those that were even established. Last, using a novel cumulative index combining changes in six facets of biodiversity we found that human activities have markedly affected fish biodiversity in more than half of the world river (52.8%, 1 297 rivers). Those biodiversity changes were primarily due to alterations of water connectivity and introductions of non-native species. This work underlined the potential of morphological features in the study of global freshwater fish functional diversity, and the combination of functional phylogenetic and taxonomic features in a novel multifaceted biodiversity change index will constitute a useful tool for biological conservation

Morphological diversity of freshwater fishes differs between realms, but morphologically extreme species are widespread

WOS:000457789900012Aim The aim was to analyse the morphological diversity of the world freshwater fish fauna. We tested to which extent the distributions of morphological traits are supported by extreme morphologies and how those extreme morphologies are distributed among realms and affect the functional vulnerability. We also analysed the contribution of between- and within-order morphological variability to the morphological differences between realms. Major taxa studied Freshwater fish. Location Global. Time period 1960s-2010s. Methods We used a global database of freshwater fishes from the six realms. Ten morphological traits were measured on 9,150 species, that is, 75% of the ca. 13,000 freshwater fish species. A principal components analysis was conducted to combine the 10 traits into a multidimensional space. We used Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests to compare the difference in morphological diversity between the six realms and between and within the major fish orders. We then identified the morphologically extreme species and quantified their contributions to the morphological range to assess the functional vulnerability and redundancy of fish faunas in the six biogeographical realms for freshwater ecosystems. Results We report a strong morphological variability among freshwater fishes of the world, with significant morphological differences among realm fish faunas, caused by an interplay between taxonomic composition of the realm faunas and morphological differences within orders among the realms. Morphologically extreme species accounted for a large percentage of the filling of the global morphological space and are distributed throughout the world. Main conclusions Fish morphological diversity is largely supported by a few species with extreme trait combinations, indicating that functional vulnerability exists throughout the world. Our results suggest that more attention should be paid to these morphologically extreme species and that they should be protected to ensure the sustainability of functions they support

Data publication: Contemporary environment and historical legacy explain functional diversity of freshwater fishes in the world rivers

Script and data used for the analysis and figures plotting in paper "Contemporary environment and historical legacy explain functional diversity of freshwater fishes in the world rivers

Data publication: A network-based approach to identifying correlations between phylogeny, morphological traits and occurrence of fish species in US river basins.

There are three primary datasets used in this work.These were obtained for Dr. Guohuan Su (co-author on the paper) . 1. Phylogenetic distance data sets between all fish species in the US. 2. Morphological traits dataset that list 10 traits information of fish species. 3. Occurrence dataset that list occurrence information of fish species in HUC8 regions of the US There is one dataset that lists exotic species in the US. The entries for exotic species are removed from about datasets before analysis