399 research outputs found
Marine exploration
Less than 50 years ago knowledge of the geology of the UK continental shelf (UKCS)
was extremely limited. The BGS marine geoscience programme began about 40 years
ago in response to the development of the UK oil and gas industry. The BGS was funded
by the then Department of Energy to carry out a national mapping programme based on
geophysical data, seabed samples and boreholes. By the 1990s, geological maps at a scale
of 1:250 000 were published for the shelf regions showing seabed sediments, Quaternary
geology and bedrock. The deeper water areas to the north and west continue to be explored
with support from the oil industry. A series of regional reports, the offshore equivalent of the
BGS regional guides, were published and reports for the Atlantic Margin will be published in
2010. MAREMAP is a new multidisciplinary environmental mapping programme designed to
underpin the new marine industries and environmental issues
Module categories for group algebras over commutative rings
We develop a suitable version of the stable module category of a finite group
G over an arbitrary commutative ring k. The purpose of the construction is to
produce a compactly generated triangulated category whose compact objects are
the finitely presented kG-modules. The main idea is to form a localisation of
the usual version of the stable module category with respect to the filtered
colimits of weakly injective modules. There is also an analogous version of the
homotopy category of weakly injective kG-modules and a recollement relating the
stable category, the homotopy category, and the derived category of kG-modules.Comment: Appendix by Greg Stevenso
Denitrification and availability of carbon and nitrogen in a well-drained pasture soil amended with particulate organic carbon
A well-drained soil in N-fertilized dairy pasture was amended with particulate organic carbon (POC), either sawdust or coarse woody mulch, and sampled every 4 wk for a year to test the hypothesis that the addition of POC would increase denitrification activity by increasing the number of microsites where denitrification occurred. Overall mean denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA), on a gravimetric basis, was 100% greater for the woody mulch treatment and 50% greater for the sawdust treatment compared with controls, indicating the denitrifying potential of the soil was enhanced. Despite differences in DEA, no difference in denitrification rate, as measured by the acetylene block technique, was detected among treatments, with an average annual N loss of ā¼22 kg N haā»Ā¹ yrā»Ā¹ Soil water content overall was driving denitrification in this well-drained soil as regression of the natural log of volumetric soil water content (VWC) against denitrification rate was highly significant (r Ā² = 0.74, P < 0.001). Addition of the amendments, however, had significant effects on the availability of both C and N. An additional 20 to 40 kg N haā»Ā¹ was stored in POC-amended treatments as a result of increases in the microbial biomass. Basal respiration, as a measure of available C, was 400% greater than controls in the sawdust treatment and 250% greater than controls in the mulch. Net N mineralization, however, was significantly lower in the sawdust treatment, resulting in significantly lower nitrate N levels than in the control. We attribute the lack of measured response in denitrification rate to the high temporal variability in denitrification and suggest that diffusion of nitrate may ultimately have limited denitrification in the amended treatments. Our data indicate that manipulation of denitrification by addition of POC may be possible, particularly when nitrate levels are high, but quantifying differences in the rate of denitrification is difficult because of the temporal nature of the process (particularly the complex interaction of N availability and soil water content)
Excitation Mechanisms for Jovian Seismic Modes
Recent (2011) results from the Nice Observatory indicate the existence of
global seismic modes on Jupiter in the frequency range between 0.7 and 1.5mHz
with amplitudes of tens of cm/s. Currently, the driving force behind these
modes is a mystery; the measured amplitudes are many orders of magnitude larger
than anticipated based on theory analogous to heliosiesmology (that is,
turbulent convection as a source of stochastic excitation). One of the most
promising hypotheses is that these modes are driven by Jovian storms. This work
constructs a framework to analytically model the expected equilibrium normal
mode amplitudes arising from convective columns in storms. We also place rough
constraints on Jupiter's seismic modal quality factor. Using this model,
neither meteor strikes, turbulent convection, nor water storms can feasibly
excite the order of magnitude of observed amplitudes. Next we speculate about
the potential role of rock storms deeper in Jupiter's atmosphere, because the
rock storms' expected energy scales make them promising candidates to be the
chief source of excitation for Jovian seismic modes, based on simple scaling
arguments. We also suggest some general trends in the expected partition of
energy between different frequency modes. Finally we supply some commentary on
potential applications to gravity, Juno, Cassini and Saturn, and future
missions to Uranus and Neptune.Comment: 26 pages, 11 figure
Possible evidence of p-modes in Cassini measurements of Saturnās gravity field
We analyze the range-rate residual data from Cassiniās gravity experiment that cannot be explained with a static, zonally symmetric gravity field. We reproduce the data using a simple forward model of gravity perturbations from normal modes. To do this, we stack data from multiple flybys to improve sensitivity. We find a partially degenerate set of normal-mode energy spectra that successfully reproduce the unknown gravity signal from Cassiniās flybys. Although there is no unique solution, we find that the models most likely to fit the data are dominated by gravitational contributions from p-modes between 500 and 700 Ī¼Hz. Because f-modes at lower frequencies have stronger gravity signals for a given amplitude, this result would suggest strong frequency dependence in normal- mode excitation on Saturn. We predict peak amplitudes for p-modes on the order of several kilometers, at least an order of magnitude larger than the peak amplitudes inferred by Earth-based observations of Jupiter. The large p-mode amplitudes we predict on Saturn, if they are indeed present and steady state, would imply weak damping with a lower bound of Q>10^7 for these modes, consistent with theoretical predictions
Possible evidence of p-modes in Cassini measurements of Saturn's gravity field
We analyze the range rate residual data from Cassini's gravity experiment
that cannot be explained with a static, zonally symmetric gravity field. In
this paper we reproduce the data using a simple forward model of gravity
perturbations from normal modes. To do this, we stack data from multiple flybys
to improve sensitivity. We find a partially degenerate set of normal mode
energy spectra which successfully reproduce the unknown gravity signal from
Cassini's flybys. Although there is no unique solution, we find that the models
most likely to fit the data are dominated by gravitational contributions from
p-modes between 500-700uHz. Because f-modes at lower frequencies have stronger
gravity signals for a given amplitude, this result would suggest strong
frequency dependence in normal mode excitation on Saturn. We predict peak
amplitudes for p-modes on the order of several kilometers, at least an order of
magnitude larger than the peak amplitudes inferred by Earth-based observations
of Jupiter. The large p-mode amplitudes we predict on Saturn, if they are
indeed present and steady state, would imply weak damping with a lower bound of
Q>1e7 for these modes, consistent with theoretical predictions
Excitation mechanisms for Jovian seismic modes
Recent (2011) results from the Nice Observatory indicate the existence of global seismic modes on Jupiter in the frequency range between 0.7 and 1.5 mHz with amplitudes of tens of cm/s. Currently, the driving force behind these modes is a mystery; the measured amplitudes are many orders of magnitude larger than anticipated based on theory analogous to helioseismology (that is, turbulent convection as a source of stochastic excitation). One of the most promising hypotheses is that these modes are driven by Jovian storms. This work constructs a framework to analytically model the expected equilibrium normal mode amplitudes arising from convective columns in storms. We also place rough constraints on Jupiterās seismic modal quality factor. Using this model, neither meteor strikes, turbulent convection, nor water storms can feasibly excite the order of magnitude of observed amplitudes. Next we speculate about the potential role of rock storms deeper in Jupiterās atmosphere, because the rock stormsā expected energy scales make them promising candidates to be the chief source of excitation for Jovian seismic modes, based on simple scaling arguments. We also suggest some general trends in the expected partition of energy between different frequency modes. Finally we supply some commentary on potential applications to gravity, Juno, Cassini and Saturn, and future missions to Uranus and Neptune
Geology of Tindfjallajƶkull volcano, Iceland
The geology of Tindfjallajƶkull volcano, southern Iceland, is presented as a 1:50,000 scale map. Field mapping was carried out with a focus on indicators of past environments. A broad stratocone of interbedded fragmental rocks and lavas was constructed during Tindfjallajƶkullās early development. This stratocone has been dissected by glacial erosion and overlain by a variety of mafic to silicic volcanic landforms. Eruption of silicic magma, which probably occurred subglacially, constructed a thick pile of breccia and lava lobes in the summit area. Mafic to intermediate flank eruptions continued through to the end of the last glacial period, producing lavas, hyaloclastite-dominated units and tuyas that preserve evidence of volcano-ice interactions. The ThĆ³rsmƶrk Ignimbrite, a regionally important chronostratigraphic marker, is present on the SE flank of the volcano. The geological mapping of Tindfjallajƶkull gives insights into the evolution of stratovolcanoes in glaciated regions and the influence of ice in their development
- ā¦