Migrant crisis in public discourse of Serbia: informative websites and users’ comments

Предмет овог рада је мигрантска криза у јавном дискурсу Србије, односно медијске репрезентације мигрантске кризе на сајтовима водећих штампаних медија у Србији. Дискурс о овој теми биће анализиран посредством анализе образаца представљања којима су се служили медији. Истраживањем су обухваћени текстови новинара и текстови које производе читаоци на сајтовима медија у узорку. Репрезентација је одређена као процес конструкције значења и осмишљавања друштвене стварности употребом специфичних језичких образаца у дискурсу. У складу са теоријом социјалног конструкционизма, у раду се указује на улогу медија као важних институција у обликовању погледа на свет, стварању и преношењу значења, идеја, уверења и афеката. Имајући у виду да је у технолошки промењеном и комуникацијски унапређеном окружењу промењен и степен активности медијске публике, у обзир су узети и коментари читалаца традиционалних штампаних медија на вебу. Рад је концептуално осмишљен кроз два дела, теоријски и истраживачки део. У првом делу рада полази се од указивања на близак и међузависан однос дискурса и репрезентација друштвеног живота које дају смисао и значење друштвеним појавама. Осим постављања темеља рада у контекст социјално-конструкционистичког процеса и указивања на улогу медија у борби за наметање одређене верзије стварности у симболичком пољу културе, у раду се разматрају и нове улоге медијских корисника. Овде је пажња посвећена проблематици односа између професионалних комуникатора и комуникатора аматера, читалаца сајтова који све чешће реагују на текстове новинара. Имајући у виду да се медијска екологија променила, а са њом и положај публике, основни истраживачки циљ је испитивање произведених значења о мигрантској кризи и мигрантима у новинарским и коментаторским текстовима на сајтовима три најутицајнија медија у Србији: Блиц, Политика и Курир. На основу поређења наратива у ова два комуникацијска тока, намера је била да се утврди да ли постоји хетерогеност, разноврсност гласова у медијском дискурсу. Основна хипотеза у истраживању је била: Постоје разлике у дискурзивном конструкту (у говору) о мигрантима између новинарских и коментаторских текстова на информативним веб сајтовима дневних новина. Показатељи на основу којих су упоређене значењске целине створене у текстовима новинара и коментатора су: обрасци номинације, референтни и предикативни обрасци, употреба топоса (аргумената) и употреба стратегије колективизације и агрегације. На ове језичке стратегије у медијском представљању друштвених група указала је Рут Водак (Ruth Wodak, 2001) у оквиру социоисторијског приступа критичкој анализи дискурса. Узорак истраживања чинили су сајтови три водећа медија, Блиц, Политика и Курир, у чијим су оквирима анализирани текстови новинара и коментатора. Истраживањем је обухваћен сваки понедељак током 2015. и 2017. године. Од метода је коришћена анализа садржаја и критичка анализа дискурса како би се слика о мигрантима и мигрантској кризи довела у везу са друштвеним, политичким, економским и културним контекстом Србије. Резултати су показали да постоји статистички значајна разлика између текстова новинара и коментатора на сајтовима Политике и Курира у односу на номинативну, референтну, предикативну, аргументативну и агрегативну димензију, док та разлика није утврђена као значајна у односу на употребу колективистичког стила приказивања миграната и избеглица. Под номинативним, референтним и предикативним стратегијама представљања подразумевају се обрасци именовања, додавање одређених особина и квалитета појединцима и групама у медијском дискурсу. Стратегијом топоса или аргумената изражени ставови се потврђују, оправдавају и учвршћују у дискурсу. Агрегативна стратегија заснива се на употреби бројева и статистике у представљању миграната, а колективистичком стратегијом мигранти се сагледавају као група уједначених способности, особина, квалитета, мотива. У раду је, осим тога, указано и на статистички значајну разлику између три сајта у узорку у погледу истих показатеља и добијене су разлике у референтним, предикативним и аргументативним категоријама, док у односу на обрасце именовања, присуство агрегације и колективизације у Блицу, Политици и Куриру није забележена значајнија разлика. Закључак на који наводе резултати истраживања односи се на постојање тенденције медија да се привидно различитим конструкцијским моделима оствари хомогенизација мишљења, афеката и понашања публике према мигрантима, избеглицама и кризи, која је захватила цео свет. Изабране језичке стратегије, као механизми акредитације политичких и идеолошких циљева, неповољно и на неодговарајући начин представљају ову осетљиву групу људи, а медијски корисници ретко користе прилику да створе суштински другачија значења, већ се користе негативним схемама сагледавања других вођени ирационалним уверењима, страхом и ксенофобијом. У таквом односу фактора и актера у пољу јавног комуницирања, намеће се потреба и обавеза да се и медији и њихова публика оспособе да критички и самостално приступају производњи и употреби значења, ослобођени негативних модела из прошлости и идеолошких, политичких и комерцијалних притисака, уз уважавање универзалних људских права и принципа толеранције и сарадње у међукултурном сусрету.The subject of this paper is the migrant crisis in the public discourse of Serbia, specifically the media representation of the migrant crisis on the websites of the leading print media in Serbia. The discourse on this topic will be analyzed through the analysis of presentation patterns used by the media. Also, the research included both texts of journalist and texts produced by readers on the media sites presented in the sample. Representation has been defined as the process of constructing meaning and designing social reality by using specific linguistic patterns in discourse. In accordance with the theory of social constructivism, the paper indicates the role of the media as important institutions in shaping the worldview, creating and conveying meanings, ideas, beliefs and affects. Taking into consideration that in the technologically changed and communicatively improved environment the level of activity of media audience has also changed, the comments of the readers of traditional print media on the web have also been taken into account. The paper is conceptually designed through two parts, the theoretical part and the research part. The first part of the paper starts by pointing out the close and interdependent relationship of discourse and the representations of social life that bring meaning and significance to social phenomena. In addition to laying the foundation of the paper in the context of the social-constructionist process and pointing out the media role in the struggle to impose a certain version of reality in the symbolic field of culture, the new roles of media users have also been considered in the paper. Here, the attention is focused on the issue of the relationship between professional communicators and amateur communicators, site readers who have been increasingly reacting to the texts of journalists. Keeping in mind that both the media ecology and the position of audience have changed, the primary research goal is to examine the meanings produced about the migrant crisis and migrants in journalistic and commentary texts on the websites of the three most influential media in Serbia: Blic, Politika and Kurir. Based on the comparison of the narratives in these two communication flows, the intention was to determine whether there is heterogeneity, the diversity of voices in media discourse. The main hypothesis in the research was: There are differences in the discursive construct (in speech) about migrants between journalistic and commentary texts on the informative websites of daily newspapers. The indicators on the basis of which the semantic units produced in the texts of journalists and commentators were compared are the following: nomination patterns, reference and predicative patterns, the use of topos (arguments) and the use of collectivization and aggregation strategies. Ruth Wodak (2001) pointed out these language strategies in the media representation of social groups within the framework of the socio-historical approach to critical discourse analysis. Furthermore, the research sample consisted of the websites of the three leading media, Blic, Politika and Kurir, within which the texts of journalists and commentators were analyzed. The research included every Monday during 2015 and 2017. Content analysis and critical discourse analysis were the methods used in order to connect the image of migrants and the migrant crisis with the social, political, economic and cultural context of Serbia. Also, the results indicated that there is a statistically significant difference between the texts of journalists and commentators on the websites of Politika and Kurir in relation to the nominative, reference, predicative, argumentative and aggregative dimension, while this difference was not regarded as significant in relation to the use of collectivist representation style of migrants and refugees. Nominative, reference and predicative representation strategies denote the patterns of naming, adding certain characteristics and qualities to individuals and groups in media discourse. The expressed attitudes are being confirmed, justified and strengthened in the discourse by the strategy of topos or arguments, while the aggregation strategy is based on the use of numbers and statistics in the representation of migrants, and the collectivist strategy regards migrants as a group of uniform abilities, characteristics, qualities and motives. Moreover, the paper suggested the statistically significant difference between the three websites in the sample concerning the same indicators and the differences obtained in the reference, predicative and argumentative categories, while in relation to the patterns of naming, the presence of aggregation and collectivization in Blic, Politika and Kurir no significant difference was noticed. The conclusion drawn from the results of the research refers to the existence of the tendency of the media to achieve the homogenization of public opinions, affects and the audience behavior towards migrants, refugees and the crisis, which has affected the entire world, by seemingly different construction models. Selected language strategies, as well as the mechanisms for accrediting political and ideological goals represent this group of people in an unfavorable and inappropriate manner, while media users rarely use the opportunity to create fundamentally different meanings and rather use the negative schemes of perceiving others, led by irrational fears, beliefs and xenophobia. In such a relationship of factors and actors in the field of public communication, there is a need and obligation to enable both the media and their audience to critically and independently approach the production and use of meaning, free from the negative models from the past of ideological, political and commercial pressures, while respecting universal human rights and principles of tolerance and cooperation in the intercultural encounter

Computation Method in Failure Analysis of Mechanically Fastened Joints at Layered Composites

This paper considers a computation method in failure analysis of layered composites containing pin-loaded holes. The investigation is focused on developing a reliable computation procedure to analyze initial failure load for pin-loaded holes at layered composite structures. Finite element method (FEM) is used to determine stress distribution around the fastener hole. Combining Chang-Scott-Springer characteristic curve model and Tsai-Wu initial failure criterion are used to determine joint failure. Special attention in this work is paid to pin-load distributions and its effect on the load level of failure and its location. In previous work initial failure analysis was carried out using cosine distribution between pin/lug mechanically fastened joint. Here contact finite element pin/lug model is analysed. The influence of stacking sequences of layered composites containing pin-loaded holes is also investigated. Special attention is paid to failure load and mode analyses in composites with stacking sequence [0/(+/-45)(3)/90(3)](s). The computation results are compared with available experimental results. Good correlations between computation and experimental results are obtained

Fracture mechanics analysis of damaged turbine rotor discs using finite element method

This paper presents evaluation fracture mechanics parameters in low pressure turbine components. Critical locations such as keyway and dovetail area are experiencing stress concentration leading to crack initiation. Stress intensity factors were evaluated using the J-Integral approach available within ANSYS software code. The finite element method allowed the prediction of the point of crack initiation and the crack propagation using the orientations of the maximum principal stresses. Special attention in this investigation is focused to develop analytic expressions for stress intensity factors at critical location of low pressure steam turbine disc

Fracture mechanics analysis of damaged turbine rotor discs using finite element method

This paper presents evaluation fracture mechanics parameters in low pressure turbine components. Critical locations such as keyway and dovetail area are experiencing stress concentration leading to crack initiation. Stress intensity factors were evaluated using the J-Integral approach available within ANSYS software code. The finite element method allowed the prediction of the point of crack initiation and the crack propagation using the orientations of the maximum principal stresses. Special attention in this investigation is focused to develop analytic expressions for stress intensity factors at critical location of low pressure steam turbine disc

New Values of Teucrium species: in Vitro Study of Cytotoxic Activities of Secondary Metabolites

The cytotoxicity of seven Teucrium species, a long time ago used as a food spices, for beverages and teas preparing, as well as therapeutics for digestive and respiratory diseases, were examined against human cervix adenocarcinoma HeLa, human melanoma Fem-x, human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 and human breast adenocarcinoma MDA-MB-361 cells. MTT assay was used for determination of target cell survival. The most prominent cytotoxic effect was observed against K562 cells, especially by T. scordioides, T. montanum and T. botrys. All Teucrium extracts showed good cytotoxic activity on HeLa cells, but very low cytotoxic effect on MDA-MB-361 cells. In addition, the cytotoxic activities of T. scordioides and T. montanum extract were tested on healthy resting and phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PHA-stimulated PBMC). T. scordioides and T. montanum extracts at concentration of 200 µg/ml reduced the resting PBMC and PHA-stimulated PBMC survival up to 10% and 20%, while the reduction of K562 cell survival at the same concentration of extracts was 94% and 97%, respectively. These results point to selectivity in their antitumor actions. Teucrium species can be regarded as promising candidates for natural plant sources of effective biological compounds as a supplements in the food industry, as well as for therapeutic use

Fracture mechanics analysis of damaged turbine rotor discs using finite element method

This paper presents evaluation fracture mechanics parameters in low pressure turbine components. Critical locations such as keyway and dovetail area are experiencing stress concentration leading to crack initiation. Stress intensity factors were evaluated using the J-Integral approach available within ANSYS software code. The finite element method allowed the prediction of the point of crack initiation and the crack propagation using the orientations of the maximum principal stresses. Special attention in this investigation is focused to develop analytic expressions for stress intensity factors at critical location of low pres-sure steam turbine disc. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. I-174001 i br. TR-35045

HEADSPACE VOLATILES OF CHAEROPHYLLUM AUREUM L.

Differences in the headspace volatile profiles (HS) of fresh and air-dried fruits, stems and aerial parts of Chaerophyllum aureum L. (Apiaceae) were studied here for the first time using HS-GC-MS (head space – gas chromatography – mass spectrometry). This was done in order to probe to which level HS volatiles of different plant organs were susceptible to air drying. The most dominant headspace volatiles of all samples were monoterpene hydrocarbons. Sabinene was the major volatile of the fresh aerial parts, air-dried fruits, fresh and air-dried stems, representing 47.8%, 31.4%, 67.7% and 73.0% of the total volatiles, respectively. The most abundant headspace volatiles of the fresh fruits were terpinolene (45.3%), γ-terpinene (13.1%) and β-pinene (10.2%). The air-dried aerial parts were characterized by a high amount of limonene (69.0%). The results of HS-GC-MS were subjected to multivariate statistical analysis in order to get a better insight into the similarities/dissimilarities existing between the investigated samples. According to the results of multivariate analysis, the drying process significantly influenced HS volatiles. ISPARLJIVI SASTOJCI BILJNE VRSTE CHAEROPHYLLUM AUREUM L.U ovom radu su, po prvi put, ispitane razlike u headspace profilima (HS) svežih i na vazduhu sušenih plodova, stabljika i nadzemnih delova biljne vrste Chaerophyllum aureum L (Apiaceae) pomoću metode HS-GC-MS (headspace – gasna hromatografija – masena spektrometrija). Na osnovu ovih rezultata moglo bi se utvrditi do koliko intenzivnih promena u HS profilima različitih delova biljke može doći usled sušenja biljnog materijala. U svim uzorcima su dominantni headspace isparljivi sastojci bili monoterpeni. Utvrđeno je da je sabinen bio glavni isparljivi sastojak svežeg nadzemnog dela (47,8%), suvog ploda (31,4%), svežeg (67,7%) i suvog stabla (73,0%). Kao glavni isparljivi sastojci svežeg ploda nađeni su terpinolen (45,3%), γ-terpinen (13,1%) i β-pinen (10,2%), dok je suvi nadzemni deo bio okarakterisan značajno većom zastupljenošću limonena (69,0%). Rezultati HS-GC-MS analize su podvrgnuti multivarijantnoj statističkoj analizi kako bi se dobio bolji uvid u sličnosti/razlike među razmatranim uzorcima. Na osnovu rezultata multivarijantne analize sledi da sušenje u velikoj meri utiče na HS profil. HIGHLIGHTSHeadspace (HS) profiles (percentage compositions) of different parts of Chaerophyllum aureum L. were subjected to multivariate statistical analysis.In all samples, fresh and dry, the most dominant headspace volatiles were monoterpene hydrocarbons.Sabinene was the most abundant volatile of the fresh aerial parts, air-dried fruits, fresh and air-dried stems.The main headspace volatile compound of the fresh fruits was terpinolene while limonene was the major volatile of the air-dried aerial parts

White Mustard (Sinapis alba L.) Oil in Biodiesel Production: A Review

White mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seed oil is used for cooking, food preservation, body and hair revitalization, biodiesel production, and as a diesel fuel additive and alternative biofuel. This review focuses on biodiesel production from white mustard seed oil as a feedstock. The review starts by outlining the botany and cultivation of white mustard plants, seed harvest, drying and storage, and seed oil composition and properties. This is followed by white mustard seed pretreatments (shelling, preheating, and grinding) and processing techniques for oil recovery (pressing, solvent extraction, and steam distillation) from whole seeds, ground seed or kernels, and press cake. Novel technologies, such as aqueous, enzyme-assisted aqueous, supercritical CO2, and ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction, are also discussed. The main part of the review considers biodiesel production from white mustard seed oil, including fuel properties and performance. The economic, environmental, social, and human health risk/toxicological impacts of white mustard-based biodiesel production and use are also discussed

[Kontinualni postupci dobijanja biodizela]

Continuous biodiesel production on laboratory and industrial scale was analyzed, with focus on their advantages and disadvantages. Attention was paid to specific characteristics of industrial processes in order to point out the advanced technologies. The well-known base-catalyzed continuous biodiesel production processes are related to problems caused by the immiscibility of the reactants (alcohol and oil), application of relatively high operating temperature (usually the boiling temperature of alcohol or one near it) and obtained yield of methyl ester yields lower than desired. One way to overcome these problems is to employ special reactor design favoring the emulsion process and increasing the overall rate of biodiesel production process, even at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The second way is to apply heterogeneous catalysts in continuous processes, which will probably be the optimal approach to economically justified and environmentally friendly biodiesel production

Утицај концентрације раствора и степена полимеризације карбоксиметилцелулозе на садржај гаса у реактору са вибрационом мешалицом

Gas holdup was investigated in a gas-liquid and gas-liquid-solid reciprocating plate column (RPC) under various operation conditions. Aqueous carboxymethylcellulose (sodium salt, CMC) solutions were used as the liquid phase, the solid phase was spheres placed into interplate spaces, and the gas plase was air. The gas holdup in the RPC was influenced by: the vibration intensity, i.e., the power consumption, the superficial gas velocity, the solids content and the rheological properties of the liquid phase. The gas holdup increased with increasing vibration intensity and superficial gas velocity in both the two- and three-phase system. With increasing concentration of the CMC PP 50 solution (Newtonian fluid), the gas holdup decreased, because the coalescence of the bubbles was favored by the higher liquid viscosity. In the case of the CMC PP 200 solutions (non-Newtonian liquids), the gas holdup depends on the combined influence of the rheological properties of the liquid phase, the vibration intensity and the superficial gas velocity. The gas holdup in the three-phase systems was greater than that in the two-phase ones under the same operating conditions. Increasing the solids content has little influence on the gas holdup. The gas holdup was correlated with the power consumption (either the time-averaged or total power consuption) and the superficial gas velocity