90 research outputs found
In-band and out-of-band reflectance calibrations of the EUV multilayer mirrors of the atmospheric imaging assembly instrument aboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory
Abstract not provide
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LCLS X-ray mirror measurements using a large aperture visible light interferometer
Synchrotron or FEL X-ray mirrors are required to deliver an X-ray beam from its source to an experiment location, without contributing significantly to wave front distortion. Accurate mirror figure measurements are required prior to installation to meet this intent. This paper describes how a 300 mm aperture phasing interferometer was calibrated to <1 nm absolute accuracy and used to mount and measure 450 mm long flats for the Linear Coherent Light Source (LCLS) at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. Measuring focus mirrors with an interferometer requires additional calibration, because high fringe density introduces systematic errors from the interferometer's imaging optics. This paper describes how these errors can be measured and corrected. The calibration approaches described here apply equally well to interferometers larger than 300 mm aperture, which are becoming more common in optics laboratories. The objective of this effort was to install LCLS flats with < 10 nm of spherical curvature, and < 2 nm rms a-sphere. The objective was met by measuring the mirrors after fabrication, coating and mounting, using a 300 mm aperture phasing interferometer calibrated to an accuracy < 1 nm. The key to calibrating the interferometer accurately was to sample the error using independent geometries that are available. The results of those measurements helped identify and reduce calibration error sources. The approach used to measure flats applies equally well to focus mirrors, provided an additional calibration is performed to measure the error introduced by fringe density. This calibration has been performed on the 300 mm aperture interferometer, and the measurement correction was evaluated for a typical focus mirror. The 300 mm aperture limitation requires stitching figure measurements together for many X-ray mirrors of interest, introducing another possible error source. Stitching is eliminated by applying the calibrations described above to larger aperture instruments. The authors are presently extending this work to a 600 mm instrument. Instruments with 900 mm aperture are now becoming available, which would accommodate the largest mirrors of interest
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Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) measurements and analysis on Sagem 05R0025 secondary substrate
The summary of Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) on Sagem 05R0025 secondary substrate: (1) 2 x 2 {micro}m{sup 2} and 10 x 10 {micro}m{sup 2} AFM measurements and analysis on Sagem 05R0025 secondary substrate at LLNL indicate rather uniform and extremely isotropic finish across the surface, with high-spatial frequency roughness {sigma} in the range 5.1-5.5 {angstrom} rms; (2) the marked absence of pronounced long-range polishing marks in any direction, combined with increased roughness in the very high spatial frequencies, are consistent with ion-beam polishing treatment on the surface. These observations are consistent with all earlier mirrors they measured from the same vendor; and (3) all data were obtained with a Digital Instruments Dimension 5000{trademark} atomic force microscope
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Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) measurements and analysis on Tinsley AIA-1000-003 primary substrate
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Optics and multilayer coatings for EUVL systems
EUV lithography (EUVL) employs illumination wavelengths around 13.5 nm, and in many aspects it is considered an extension of optical lithography, which is used for the high-volume manufacturing (HVM) of today's microprocessors. The EUV wavelength of illumination dictates the use of reflective optical elements (mirrors) as opposed to the refractive lenses used in conventional lithographic systems. Thus, EUVL tools are based on all-reflective concepts: they use multilayer (ML) coated optics for their illumination and projection systems, and they have a ML-coated reflective mask
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Zirconium and Niobium Transmission Data at Wavelengths from 11-16 nm and 200-1200 nm
Transmission measurements of niobium and zirconium at both extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) and ultraviolet, visible, and near infrared (UV/Vis/NIR) wavelengths are presented. Thin foils of various thicknesses mounted on nickel mesh substrates were measured, and these data were used to calculate the optical constants {delta} and {beta} of the complex refractive index n = 1- {delta} +i{beta}. {beta} values were calculated directly from the measured transmittance of the foils after normalizing for the nickel mesh. The average {beta} values for each set of foils are presented as a function of wavelength. The real (dispersive) part of the refractive index, {delta} was then calculated from Kramers-Kronig analysis by combining these {beta} values with those from previous experimental data and the atomic tables
Optical constants of evaporation-deposited silicon monoxide films in the 7.1-800 eV photon energy range
8 págs.; 11 figs.The transmittance of silicon monoxide films prepared by thermal evaporation was measured from 7.1 to 800 eV and used to determine the optical constants of the material. SiO films deposited onto C-coated microgrids in ultrahigh vacuum conditions were measured in situ from 7.1 to 23.1 eV. Grid-supported SiO films deposited in high vacuum conditions were characterized ex situ from 28.5 to 800 eV. At each photon energy, transmittance, and thickness data were used to calculate the extinction coefficient k. The obtained k values combined with data from the literature, and with interpolations and extrapolations in the rest of the electromagnetic spectrum provided a complete set of k values that was used in a Kramers-Kronig analysis to obtain the real part of the index of refraction, n. Two different sum-rule tests were performed that indicated good consistency of the data. © 2009 American Institute of Physics.This work was supported by the National Programme for
Space Research, Subdirección General de Proyectos de Investigación,
Ministerio de Ciencia y TecnologÃa, Project Nos.
ESP2002-01391 and ESP2005-02650. This work was also
performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy
by the University of California Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory under Contract No. DE-AC03-76F00098
and by the University of California Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory under Contract No. DE-AC52-
07NA27344. M.F.-P. is thankful to Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
CientÃficas Spain for funding under the
Programa I3P Contract No. I3P-BPD2004, partially supported
by the European Social Fund. M.V.-D. acknowledges
financial support from a FPI Contract No. BES-2006-14047
fellowship.Peer Reviewe
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Soft X-ray Mirrors for the Linac Coherent Light Source
The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) is a 0.15-1.5 nm wavelength free-electron laser (FEL) being constructed at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) by a multi-institution consortium, including Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). One of LLNL's responsibilities involves the design and construction of two grazing-incidence mirror systems whose primary intent is to reduce radiation levels in the experimental halls by separating the FEL beam from unwanted high-energy photons. This paper discusses one of these systems, the Soft X-ray Offset Mirror System (SOMS) that will operate in the wavelength range 0.62-1.5 nm (0.827-2.00 keV). The unusual properties of the FEL beam translate to stringent specifications in terms of stability, material choice and mirror properties. It also precludes using approaches previously developed for synchrotron light sources. This situation has led us to a unique mirror design, consisting of a reflective boron carbide layer deposited on a silicon substrate. In the first part of this paper, we discuss the basic system requirements for the SOMS and motivate the need for these novel reflective elements. In the second part of this paper, we discuss the development work we have performed, including simulation and experimental verification of the boron carbide coating properties, and the expected performance of the final system
A low background Micromegas detector for the CAST experiment
A low background Micromegas detector has been operating on the CAST
experiment at CERN for the search of solar axions during the first phase of the
experiment (2002-2004). The detector operated efficiently and achieved a very
low level of background rejection ( counts
keVcms) thanks to its good spatial and energy resolution
as well as the low radioactivity materials used in the construction of the
detector. For the second phase of the experiment (2005-2007), the detector will
be upgraded by adding a shielding and including focusing optics. These
improvements should allow for a background rejection better than two orders of
magnitude.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures To appear on the proceedings of the 9th ICATPP
Conference on AStroparticle, Particle, Space Physics, Detectors and Medical
Physics Application
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EUV reflectance characterization of the 94/304 ? flight secondary AIA mirror at beamline 6.3.2 of the Advanced Light Source
The AIA secondary flight mirror, previously coated at Columbia University with Mg/SiC for the 303.8 {angstrom} channel and Mo/Y for the 93.9 {angstrom} channel was characterized by means of EUV reflectance measurements at beamline 6.3.2 of the Advanced Light Source (ALS) synchrotron at LBNL on January 10, 2006. Paul Boerner (LMSAL) also participated in these measurements
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