2,075 research outputs found
Attendance of MSM at Genitourinary Medicine services in England: implications for selective HPV vaccination programme (a short communication)
Background Human papillomaviruses (HPV) immunisation programmes for female adolescents in the UK offer relatively little benefit to men who have sex with men (MSM). Targeted HPV vaccination for MSM may reduce the high incidence of HPV-related disease among MSM. We used national data from sexual health clinics to calculate the number of MSM attending these clinics throughout England from 2009 to 2014 and to identify their characteristics, to inform the implementation of a targeted HPV vaccination programme in MSM.
Methods We used the Genitourinary Medicine Clinic Activity Dataset (GUMCADv2) to obtain data for men aged 15–70 years who had attended a GUM clinic in England from 2009 to 2014. We analysed both numbers of MSM attending and number of GUM attendances, age at first attendance, ethnicity and geographical area of the clinic in England.
Results A total of 374 983 MSM attended sexual health services in England between 2009 and 2014. Median age of presentation was 32 years (IQR 25–41) and showed regional geographical variation. Of all men attending sexual health clinics in England, the highest proportion of those identifying as MSM was in London (21%). Excluding visits within 1 month of an initial attendance, 49% of all MSM re-attended within 12 months and 58% within 24 months. MSM aged ≥36 years reattended more frequently than younger MSM. 51% reattended at least twice within 24 months of initial visit.
Conclusions The majority of MSM reattend clinic at least once within a 24-month period, potentially facilitating the delivery of a three-dose HPV vaccination programme. This would reduce the burden on sexual health clinics and cost to local authorities due to extra visits if HPV vaccination were to be delivered through these services
New Analysis of the Delta I = 1/2 Rule in Kaon Decays and the B_K Parameter
We present a new analysis of the Delta I = 1/2 rule in K --> pi pi decays and
the B_K parameter. We use the 1/N_c expansion within the effective chiral
lagrangian for pseudoscalar mesons and compute the hadronic matrix elements at
leading and next-to-leading order in the chiral and the 1/N_c expansions.
Numerically, our calculation reproduces the dominant Delta I = 1/2 K --> pi pi
amplitude. Our result depends only moderately on the choice of the cutoff scale
in the chiral loops. The Delta I = 3/2 amplitude emerges sufficiently
suppressed but shows a significant dependence on the cutoff. The B_K parameter
turns out to be smaller than the value previously obtained in the 1/N_c
approach. It also shows a significant dependence on the choice of the cutoff
scale. Our results indicate that corrections from higher order terms and/or
higher resonances are large for the Delta I = 3/2 K --> pi pi amplitude and the
(|Delta S| = 2) K^0 -- anti K^0 transition amplitude.Comment: 50 pages, LaTeX, 13 eps figure
Analyzing epsilon'/epsilon in the 1/N_c Expansion
We present a recent analysis of epsilon'/epsilon in the 1/N_c expansion. We
show that the 1/N_c corrections to the matrix element of Q_6 are large and
positive, indicating a Delta I=1/2 enhancement similar to the one of Q_1 and
Q_2 which dominate the CP conserving amplitude. This enhances the CP ratio and
can bring the standard model prediction close to the measured value for central
values of the parameters.Comment: One reference corrected. 5 pages, talk presented by P.H. Soldan at
the 3. International Conference on B Physics and CP Violation, Taipei,
Taiwan, December 3 - 7, 1999. Slightly expanded version of the article
submitted to the proceeding
Interpretation of runaway electron synchrotron and bremsstrahlung images
The crescent spot shape observed in DIII-D runaway electron synchrotron
radiation images is shown to result from the high degree of anisotropy in the
emitted radiation, the finite spectral range of the camera and the distribution
of runaways. The finite spectral camera range is found to be particularly
important, as the radiation from the high-field side can be stronger by a
factor than the radiation from the low-field side in DIII-D. By
combining a kinetic model of the runaway dynamics with a synthetic synchrotron
diagnostic we see that physical processes not described by the kinetic model
(such as radial transport) are likely to be limiting the energy of the
runaways. We show that a population of runaways with lower dominant energies
and larger pitch-angles than those predicted by the kinetic model provide a
better match to the synchrotron measurements. Using a new synthetic
bremsstrahlung diagnostic we also simulate the view of the Gamma Ray Imager
(GRI) diagnostic used at DIII-D to resolve the spatial distribution of
runaway-generated bremsstrahlung.Comment: 21 pages, 11 figure
The epidemiology of East Coast Fever in Malawi Zebu cattle and the economics of tick-borne disease control in Malawi
Morbidity, mortality and seroconversion to Theileria parva were studied in Malawi
zebu cattle in six areas in the same ecological zone. A total of 3,257 animals were
intensively monitored over a period of three years. Strategic tick control was carried
out in four areas and no tick control was performed in a further two areas. Strenuous
efforts were made to diagnose illness and deaths in the cattle.The seasonal fluctuations in numbers of ticks on the cattle were observed at fourweekly intervals for three-and-a half years. Productivity of the cattle belonging to
143 farmers in the six areas was also monitored. Seroconversion to Cowdria
ruminantium was monitored for the first year of the study.Strategic dipping using nine immersions, at two-week intervals, from December to
March gave almost complete control of R. appendiculatus but the numbers of
B. microplus and A. variegatum were similar in dipped and undipped animals.One undipped area was in an epidemiologically unstable state with respect to East
Coast fever (ECF) due to prior dipping. East Coast fever mortality and morbidity were
low in the first year after the cessation of dipping but rose over the second and third
year until 46% of calves died ofECF before reaching one year of age. In the other
undipped area ECF mortality and morbidity were low for all three years, despite high
T. parva seroconversion rates. Dipping had ceased three years before the study began
and it was concluded that this area was in a stable state with respect to ECF.Strategic dipping in the other four areas caused very low ECF morbidity and mortality,
as determined by comparison with the undipped control cattle. ECF mortality in
strategically dipped calves was zero in most areas for most years.Adult R. appendiculatus were responsible for most ofthe T. parva transmission
causing clinical disease with nymphs responsible for a significant amount of sub¬
clinical infection. The existence of enzootic stability to ECF in an undipped area
without continuous adult R. appendiculatus activity was demonstrated and the
significance of nymphal transmission to the maintenance of this stability is discussed.The costs and benefits of various tick-borne disease control strategies were
calculated. Policies of vaccination or strategic dipping where tank construction was
necessary were significantly less cost effective than policies involving stopping
dipping or the continuation of strategic dipping at an existing tank. The most costeffective option would be to stop dipping and accept mortalities while endemic
stability becomes established. This could however have a large social cost due to
mortality in the early years
Views and experiences of men who have sex with men on the ban on blood donation: a cross sectional survey with qualitative interviews.
OBJECTIVE: To explore compliance with the UK blood services' criterion that excludes men who have had penetrative sex with a man from donating blood, and to assess the possible effects of revising this policy. DESIGN: A random location, cross sectional survey followed by qualitative interviews. SETTING: Britain. PARTICIPANTS: 1028 of 32,373 men in the general population reporting any male sexual contact completed the survey. Additional questions were asked of a general population sample (n=3914). Thirty men who had had penetrative sex with a man participated in the qualitative interviews (19 who had complied with the blood services' exclusion criterion and 11 who had not complied). Main outcome measure Compliance with the blood services' lifetime exclusion criterion for men who have had penetrative sex with a man. RESULTS: 10.6% of men with experience of penetrative sex with a man reported having donated blood in Britain while ineligible under the exclusion criterion, and 2.5% had donated in the previous 12 months. Ineligible donation was less common among men who had had penetrative sex with a man recently (in previous 12 months) than among men for whom this last occurred longer ago. Reasons for non-compliance with the exclusion included self categorisation as low risk, discounting the sexual experience that barred donation, belief in the infallibility of blood screening, concerns about confidentiality, and misunderstanding or perceived inequity of the rule. Although blood donation was rarely viewed as a "right," potential donors were seen as entitled to a considered assessment of risk. A one year deferral since last male penetrative sex was considered by study participants to be generally feasible, equitable, and acceptable. CONCLUSIONS: A minority of men who have sex with men who are ineligible to donate blood under the current donor exclusion in Britain have nevertheless done so in the past 12 months. Many of the reasons identified for non-compliance seem amenable to intervention. A clearly rationalised and communicated one year donor deferral is likely to be welcomed by most men who have sex with men
Ultracold collisions involving heteronuclear alkali metal dimers
We have carried out the first quantum dynamics calculations on ultracold
atom-diatom collisions in isotopic mixtures. The systems studied are
spin-polarized 7Li + 6Li7Li, 7Li + 6Li2, 6Li + 6Li7Li and 6Li + 7Li2. Reactive
scattering can occur for the first two systems even when the molecules are in
their ground rovibrational states, but is slower than vibrational relaxation in
homonuclear systems. Implications for sympathetic cooling of heteronuclear
molecules are discussed.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
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