Climate change adaptation tools for environmental risk mitigation of acid sulfate soils

Layman's repor

Pitkän aikavälin ilmasto- ja energiastrategian ympäristöarviointi

Arvioinnissa tarkasteltiin erityisesti niitä pitkän aikavälin ilmasto- ja energiastrategian ympäristövaikutuksia, jotka voivat syntyä kasvihuonekaasupäästöjen vähentämisen lisäksi. Pääasiassa ilmastonmuutosta hillitsevät toimet, kuten energiansäästö ja uusiutuvan energiantuotannon lisäys, vähentävät myös ilmansaasteiden päästöjä, mutta esimerkiksi puun pienpoltto aiheuttaa pienhiukkaspäästöjä. Kun päästöt tapahtuvat matalalla ja lähellä suuria ihmiskeskittymiä, väestö altistuu suuremmille epäpuhtauksien pitoisuuksille kuin silloin, kun päästöt tulevat korkeista piipuista. Erityisesti on syytä rajoittaa liikenteen ei-pakokaasuperäisiä päästöjä (”katupöly”) kaupungeissa ja puun pienpolton päästöjä tiheästi asutuilla alueilla. Elinkaariarviointiin perustuva skenaarioiden ympäristövaikutusarviointi osoittaa, että polttoaineiden valmistuksen ja käytön yhteenlasketut vaikutukset pienenevät kaikissa tarkastelluissa vaikutusluokissa vuoteen 2005 verrattuna. Tämä johtuu pääasiassa kotimaan käytön vaikutusten vähenemisestä. Polttoaineiden valmistuksen vaikutukset ulkomailla lisääntyvät, mikä johtuu fossiilisten energialähteiden tuonnin kasvusta. Ympäristöanalyysin perusteella typen oksidien ja pienhiukkasten päästöjen rajoittaminen on keskeisin päästövähennystoimenpidealue hiilidioksidipäästöjen rajoittamisen jälkeen. Monet strategian linjaukset ja toimenpiteet pyrkivät viemään kehitystä kohti energiaa säästävää ja vähemmän luonnonvaroja kuluttavaa tuotantoa ja kulutusta, mutta kokonaiskulutuksena mitattuna muutos vuosien 2005 ja 2020 välillä on skenaarioissa verrattain pieni. Merkittävämpi muutos voi toteutua pitkällä aikavälillä, jos ilmasto- ja energiapolitiikka johdonmukaisesti kannustaa säästämään energiaa ja luonnonvaroja niin, että myös absoluuttinen kulutus pienenee. Aikaisempien ilmasto- ja energiastrategioiden toimenpiteiden seuranta osoittaa, että lukuisia erilaisia energiatehokkuutta edistäviä hankkeita on käynnistetty, mutta merkittäviä rakenteellisia muutoksia energiankulutuksessa ei ole vielä tapahtunut. Osana ilmastopolitiikkaa Suomi on kerännyt kokemuksia ns. Kioton mekanismien soveltamisesta. Tarkastelu osoittaa, että näiden mekanismien avulla voidaan edistää myös yleisiä kehityspoliittisia tavoitteita, mutta tämä edellyttää toiminnan aktiivista suuntaamista myös monenkeskisellä tasolla

HOW DO ENTREPRENEURIAL FIRMS APPROPRIATE VALUE IN BIO DATA INFRASTRUCTURES: AN EXPLORATORY QUALITATIVE STUDY

Recent technological advances such as in genome sequencing have exploded bio data infra-structures including those that comprise of generic - anonymized or pseudonymized - data. As open data, the bio data infrastructures do not constrain the final application context for their data. Rather it is up to complementors, taking the role of digital entrepreneurs, to appropriate value from this data through their revenue streams while at the same time scaling their opera-tions and ventures. We undertake a qualitative explorative study of bio data ventures examining the tension of applying open generic genome data to specific contexts for customers while being able to scale their businesses. The study uses primary data from 26 interviews and secondary data to reveal six strategies that complementors use for value appropriation. We derive three mechanisms of appropriating value at different stages of the value chain for bio data analysis on open data infrastructures: data contextualizing, data decontextualizing, and data recontex-tualizing. The study sheds light to how bio data – which has received limited attention in infor-mation systems research – can be an important source of value appropriation in digital ecosys-tems

The association between diabetes and cognitive changes during aging

AbstractBackground/Objectives:Worldwide, we are observing a rising prevalence of dementia and mild cognitive impairments that often co-occur with the heightened incidence of non-communicable diseases in the elderly. It is suggested that type 2 diabetes and defects in glucose metabolism might predispose to poorer cognitive performances and more rapid decline in old age.Methods:To address existing knowledge gaps in this area, we systematically reviewed the literature to identify whether patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and pre-diabetes are at a higher risk of poorer cognitive performance, and whether the risk (if any) might affect specific cognitive abilities. We concentrated the review on elderly individuals (65 years or older) at intake. In total, 3251 original articles were retrieved, of which 17 met our inclusion and quality control criteria, which comprised 12 structured questions used to define the articles.Results:11 of 17 studies found a statistically significant decline in cognition among individuals who had T2DM or pre-diabetes compared to their non-diabetic counterparts. The association between diabetes and cognitive decline was not always clear, and the extent of the cognitive tests used seemed to have the greatest effect on the results.Conclusion:Focusing on a population age 65 years and over, we found insufficient evidence to support an association between pre-diabetes stages and mild cognitive impairment. However, there is consistent evidence to support diabetes as an independent risk factor for low cognitive ability in the elderly. Finally, we found insufficient evidence to support effect of T2DM on distinct cognitive ability due to the scarcity of comparable findings.Abstract Background/Objectives:Worldwide, we are observing a rising prevalence of dementia and mild cognitive impairments that often co-occur with the heightened incidence of non-communicable diseases in the elderly. It is suggested that type 2 diabetes and defects in glucose metabolism might predispose to poorer cognitive performances and more rapid decline in old age. Methods:To address existing knowledge gaps in this area, we systematically reviewed the literature to identify whether patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and pre-diabetes are at a higher risk of poorer cognitive performance, and whether the risk (if any) might affect specific cognitive abilities. We concentrated the review on elderly individuals (65 years or older) at intake. In total, 3251 original articles were retrieved, of which 17 met our inclusion and quality control criteria, which comprised 12 structured questions used to define the articles. Results:11 of 17 studies found a statistically significant decline in cognition among individuals who had T2DM or pre-diabetes compared to their non-diabetic counterparts. The association between diabetes and cognitive decline was not always clear, and the extent of the cognitive tests used seemed to have the greatest effect on the results. Conclusion:Focusing on a population age 65 years and over, we found insufficient evidence to support an association between pre-diabetes stages and mild cognitive impairment. However, there is consistent evidence to support diabetes as an independent risk factor for low cognitive ability in the elderly. Finally, we found insufficient evidence to support effect of T2DM on distinct cognitive ability due to the scarcity of comparable findings

Associations between cohort study participation and self-reported health and well-being : the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 Study

AbstractAim: The aim of this study was to explore whether active participation in a longitudinal birth cohort study is associated with study participants’ health behaviour and well-being.Methods: The subjects of this study were part of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. The follow-up data were collected through clinical examinations and questionnaires when the cohort members were 1, 14, 31 and 46 years old. In this study, cohort participation activity was divided into three categories: active, semiactive and least active.Results: The total number of study participants who participated in the 46-year follow-up on both the survey and clinical trials was 6392, of which 66.5% (n=4268) participated actively in the cohort study. A total of 67.6% were female (pConclusions: The findings indicate that participation activity is associated with better self-reported health and well-being, especially among women. With this knowledge, people can be encouraged to participate in longitudinal health research and, at the same time, may improve their own health and quality of life.Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to explore whether active participation in a longitudinal birth cohort study is associated with study participants’ health behaviour and well-being. Methods: The subjects of this study were part of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. The follow-up data were collected through clinical examinations and questionnaires when the cohort members were 1, 14, 31 and 46 years old. In this study, cohort participation activity was divided into three categories: active, semiactive and least active. Results: The total number of study participants who participated in the 46-year follow-up on both the survey and clinical trials was 6392, of which 66.5% (n=4268) participated actively in the cohort study. A total of 67.6% were female (p<0.001). Of the participants, 23.7% (n=1519) were semiactive and 9.5% (n=605) were the least active. Women who participated least actively experienced statistically significantly more depressive symptoms and poorer health, were more dissatisfied with their lives and had more addiction problems. In men, there was not a statistically significant association between participation activity and these well-being variables other than addiction problems and mental health. Conclusions: The findings indicate that participation activity is associated with better self-reported health and well-being, especially among women. With this knowledge, people can be encouraged to participate in longitudinal health research and, at the same time, may improve their own health and quality of life

Varhaiskasvatussuunnitelman perusteet

Toisen painoksen muutokset valmistellut Stakesin varhaiskasvatuksen tiimiHuom! sama sarjan osan nro kuin edellisessä painoksessa v. 20032., tark.

Association of Periodontal Condition With Impaired Glucose Tolerance: Results of a 15-Year Follow-Up Study

Abstract Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate whether periodontal condition is associated with the development of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Material and Methods: This study was based on a subpopulation of a cohort of persons born in 1935 and living in Oulu, Finland, on October 1, 1990. The participants were normoglycemic (no previously diagnosed diabetes mellitus and a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT] blood glucose < 7.8 mmol/L) in the baseline examinations (1990–1992) and had fasting blood glucose < 7.0 mmol/L in the follow-up examinations (2007–2008) (n = 225). The outcome was IGT on follow-up, measured by a blood glucose level of ≥ 7.8 mmol/L after OGTT. The exposure was the periodontal condition at baseline categorized into four groups: 0, 1–6, ≥ 7 sites with deepened (≥ 4 mm) periodontal pockets, and edentulousness. Results: A total of 23% of the participants developed IGT. The adjusted incidence rate ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for dentate participants with 1–6 sites and ≥ 7 sites with deepened periodontal pockets, and edentate participants (reference category dentate participants without deepened periodontal pockets) were 1.5 (95% CI, 0.6–4.0), 1.8 (95% CI, 0.7–4.4), and 1.6 (95% CI, 0.6–4.0), respectively. Conclusions: Poor periodontal condition may predispose individuals to IGT; however, further studies on this matter are warranted.Abstract Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate whether periodontal condition is associated with the development of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Material and Methods: This study was based on a subpopulation of a cohort of persons born in 1935 and living in Oulu, Finland, on October 1, 1990. The participants were normoglycemic (no previously diagnosed diabetes mellitus and a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT] blood glucose < 7.8 mmol/L) in the baseline examinations (1990–1992) and had fasting blood glucose < 7.0 mmol/L in the follow-up examinations (2007–2008) (n = 225). The outcome was IGT on follow-up, measured by a blood glucose level of ≥ 7.8 mmol/L after OGTT. The exposure was the periodontal condition at baseline categorized into four groups: 0, 1–6, ≥ 7 sites with deepened (≥ 4 mm) periodontal pockets, and edentulousness. Results: A total of 23% of the participants developed IGT. The adjusted incidence rate ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for dentate participants with 1–6 sites and ≥ 7 sites with deepened periodontal pockets, and edentate participants (reference category dentate participants without deepened periodontal pockets) were 1.5 (95% CI, 0.6–4.0), 1.8 (95% CI, 0.7–4.4), and 1.6 (95% CI, 0.6–4.0), respectively. Conclusions: Poor periodontal condition may predispose individuals to IGT; however, further studies on this matter are warranted

Lämpenevät talvet – riskejä metsäpuillemme?

Osa Metsäekosysteemien toiminta ja metsien käyttö muuttuvassa ilmastossa (MIL) -tutkimusohjelman loppuraporttia: http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:metla-201210036195</a