Sexual and gender minority health in Chile: findings from the 2016–2017 Health Survey

OBJECTIVE: To expose visibility of the health concerns of sexual and gender minority groups in Chile, as well as to provide a platform to advocate for policies that support the health and well-being of SGM people in the country. METHODS: The health conditions and risk factors of participants identified as sexual and gender minority were compared to those identified as cisgender heterosexual using data from the 2016-2017 National Health Survey. RESULTS: Despite reporting higher self-rated health than heterosexual men, gay men had a higher risk of lifetime diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections. Compared to heterosexual women, the prevalence of depression was higher among bisexual women, who were also less likely to have been tested for HIV. Moreover, transgender participants were more likely to report depression and worse self-rated health than cisgender heterosexual participants. CONCLUSION: Small sample sizes of sexual and gender minority subgroups might have obscured some differences that would have been observable in larger samples. Despite this, we found statistically significant sexual and/or gender identity differences in several health areas, especially mental, sexual, and overall health

Diretivas antecipadas de vontade: desafios éticos no cuidado do paciente

21 páginasLas voluntades anticipadas en salud tienen como finalidad que la persona manifieste de manera anticipada su voluntad sobre los cuidados y el tratamiento de su salud, lo cual le permite expresar personalmente y de forma previa sus preferencias. Esta revisión de la literatura tiene por objetivo describir el concepto y la estructura de las voluntades anticipadas, así como los aspectos éticos involucrados durante el cuidado del paciente. Con las palabras clave “Advanced Health Care Directive” AND “Ethical Implication” y sus símiles en español (voluntades anticipadas, implicaciones éticas), se revisaron cinco bases de datos: ProQuest, Philosophy (JSTOR), PubMed, Web of Science y SciELO; las publicaciones se agruparon entre los años 2010 y 2018. Se obtuvieron 31 artículos de los cuales se realizó una lectura crítica. Los resultados de esta revisión fueron agrupados en las siguientes categorías: concepto, estructura, situaciones clínicas donde se aplican las voluntades anticipadas, fortalezas y limitaciones; así como los aspectos éticos involucrados. Actualmente, son más comunes las vivencias relacionadas con las situaciones al final de la vida, donde la persona pierde su capacidad de decidir y no puede manifestar sus deseos, por lo que es imposible conocer su voluntad. Gran parte de los profesionales de la salud no tienen capacitación adecuada sobre el desarrollo y la aplicación de las voluntades anticipadas, escenario que se convierte en una oportunidad para la investigación y profundización sobre el tema. Las voluntades anticipadas son una herramienta que proporciona al equipo de salud información fidedigna de los valores y deseos del paciente, por lo que es importante capacitar a estos profesionales para brindar una atención respetuosa y de calidad

Voluntades anticipadas: desafíos éticos en el cuidado del paciente

Voluntades anticipadas: desafíos éticos en el cuidado del pacienteDiretivas antecipadas de vontade: desafios éticos no cuidado do pacienteAdvance healthcare directives are intended for the individual to personally express their will and preferences about healthcare and treatment ahead of time. This literature review aims to describe the concept and structure of advance directives and the ethical aspects involved in patient care. Using the keywords “Advance Healthcare Directive” AND “Ethical Implication” and its Spanish equivalents (voluntades anticipadas, implicaciones éticas), five databases were accessed: ProQuest, Philosophy (JSTOR), PubMed, Web of Science and Scielo. Publications were narrowed down to the 2010-2018 period. Thirty-one articles were obtained and read critically. Results of this review were grouped into the following categories: concept, structure, clinical situations in which advance directives apply, strengths and limitations, as well as the ethical aspects involved. End of life-related experiences in which a person loses their ability to make decisions and cannot express their wishes, so it is impossible to know their will, are more common nowadays. Most health workers are not appropriately trained in the preparation and application of advance directives, which becomes an opportunity to research and delve deeper into the subject. Advance directives are a tool that gives health workers reliable information on a patient’s values and wishes, so it is vital to train them to provide respectful quality care.Para citar este artículo / To reference this article / Para citar este artigo Forero J, Vargas I, Bernales M. Voluntades anticipadas: desafíos éticos en el cuidado del paciente. Pers Bioet. 2019;23(2):224-244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5294/pebi.2019.23.2.5Recibido: 26/01/2019Aceptado: 22/08/2019Voluntades anticipadas: desafíos éticos en el cuidado del pacienteAdvance Directives: Ethical Challenges in Patient CareAs diretivas antecipadas de vontade na saúde têm como finalidade que o paciente manifeste, de maneira antecipada, sua vontade e preferências sobre os cuidados e o tratamento de sua saúde. Esta revisão da literatura tem como objetivo descrever o conceito e a estrutura das diretivas antecipadas de vontade, bem como os aspectos éticos envolvidos durante o cuidado do paciente. Com as palavras-chave “advanced health care directive” AND “ethical implication” e seus equivalentes em espanhol (“voluntades anticipadas”, “implicaciones éticas”), foram revisadas cinco bases de dados: ProQuest, Philosophy (JSTOR), PubMed, Web of Science e SciELO; as publicações são de 2010 a 2018. Foram obtidos 31 artigos, dos quais foi realizada uma leitura crítica. Os resultados desta revisão foram agrupados nas seguintes categorias: conceito, estrutura, situações clínicas em que são aplicadas as diretivas antecipadas de vontade, fortalezas, limitações, bem como aspectos éticos envolvidos. Atualmente, são mais comuns as vivências relacionadas com as situações no final da vida, em que a pessoa perde sua capacidade de decidir e não pode manifestar seus desejos, portanto é impossível conhecer sua vontade. Grande parte dos profissionais da saúde não tem capacitação adequada sobre o desenvolvimento e a aplicação das diretivas antecipadas de vontade, o que se torna uma oportunidade para pesquisar e aprofundar sobre o tema. As diretivas antecipadas de vontade são uma ferramenta que proporciona, à equipe de saúde, informação fidedigna dos valores e desejos do paciente, por isso é importante capacitar os profissionais para oferecer uma atenção respeitosa e de qualidade.Para citar este artículo / To reference this article / Para citar este artigo Forero J, Vargas I, Bernales M. Voluntades anticipadas: desafíos éticos en el cuidado del paciente. Pers Bioet. 2019;23(2):224-244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5294/pebi.2019.23.2.5Recibido: 26/01/2019Aceptado: 22/08/2019Advance Directives: Ethical Challenges in Patient CareDiretivas antecipadas de vontade: desafios éticos no cuidado do pacienteLas voluntades anticipadas en salud tienen como finalidad que la persona manifieste de manera anticipada su voluntad sobre los cuidados y el tratamiento de su salud, lo cual le permite expresar personalmente y de forma previa sus preferencias. Esta revisión de la literatura tiene por objetivo describir el concepto y la estructura de las voluntades anticipadas, así como los aspectos éticos involucrados durante el cuidado del paciente. Con las palabras clave “Advanced Health Care Directive” AND “Ethical Implication” y sus símiles en español (voluntades anticipadas, implicaciones éticas), se revisaron cinco bases de datos: ProQuest, Philosophy (JSTOR), PubMed, Web of Science y SciELO; las publicaciones se agruparon entre los años 2010 y 2018. Se obtuvieron 31 artículos de los cuales se realizó una lectura crítica. Los resultados de esta revisión fueron agrupados en las siguientes categorías: concepto, estructura, situaciones clínicas donde se aplican las voluntades anticipadas, fortalezas y limitaciones; así como los aspectos éticos involucrados. Actualmente, son más comunes las vivencias relacionadas con las situaciones al final de la vida, donde la persona pierde su capacidad de decidir y no puede manifestar sus deseos, por lo que es imposible conocer su voluntad. Gran parte de los profesionales de la salud no tienen capacitación adecuada sobre el desarrollo y la aplicación de las voluntades anticipadas, escenario que se convierte en una oportunidad para la investigación y profundización sobre el tema. Las voluntades anticipadas son una herramienta que proporciona al equipo de salud información fidedigna de los valores y deseos del paciente, por lo que es importante capacitar a estos profesionales para brindar una atención respetuosa y de calidad.Para citar este artículo / To reference this article / Para citar este artigo Forero J, Vargas I, Bernales M. Voluntades anticipadas: desafíos éticos en el cuidado del paciente. Pers Bioet. 2019;23(2):224-244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5294/pebi.2019.23.2.5Recibido: 26/01/2019Aceptado: 22/08/201

HIV/AIDS knowledge and occupational risk in primary care health workers from Chile.

Objective. To explore the relationship between knowledge level and occupational risk exposure to HIV/AIDS in primary care health workers. Methodology. Analytical cross-sectional study. 720 health workers from Santiago answered a survey about HIV/ AIDS that included: knowledge level (appropriate, inappropriate), occupational risk (with or without risk), and control variables (age, gender, health center, education and marital status). Descriptive and association analysis were performed. Odds Ratio (OR) was estimated through simple and multiple regressions logistics. Results. 58.7% of the participants reported H IV occupational risk. 63.8% of the participants from the exposed group reported an appropriate level of knowledge, versus 36.1 % of the non-exposed group (Adjusted OR of 3.1, IC95%OR: 2.0-4.8, p<0.0001). Technicians and cleaning staff reported a lower proportion of appropriate level of knowledge compared to the employees with college education (p<0.0001). Conclusion. The level of HIV/AID occupational risk is directly associated with the level of knowledge of the disease

Conocimientos y riesgo ocupacional de VIH/SIDA en trabajadores de salud primaria chilenos Conhecimentos e risco ocupacional de HIV/SIDA em trabalhadores de saúde primária chilenos HIV/AIDS knowledge and occupational risk in primary care health workers from Chile

Objetivo. Explorar la relación entre nivel de conocimientos y riesgo de exposición ocupacional a VIH en trabajadores de salud de atención primaria. Metodología. Estudio analítico de corte transversal; 720 trabajadores de salud de Santiago respondieron un cuestionario acerca de VIH/SIDA, incluyendo conocimientos (inadecuado o adecuado), riesgo ocupacional (con o sin riesgo) y variables de control (edad, sexo, centro de salud, educación y estado civil). Se hicieron análisis descriptivos y de asociación. Se estimó la Odds Ratio (OR) mediante regresión logística simple y múltiple. Resultados. El 58.7% de los participantes reportó riesgo ocupacional de VIH. Un 63.8% del grupo con exposición presentó un nivel de conocimientos adecuado, versus el 36.1% del grupo sin exposición (OR ajustado de 3.1, IC95%OR: 2.0-4.8, p Objetivo. Explorar a relação entre nível de conhecimentos e risco de exposição ocupacional a HIV/AIDS em trabalhadores de saúde de atendimento primário Metodologia. Estudo observacional analítico de corte transversal; 720 trabalhadores de saúde de Santiago responderam um questionário a respeito de HIV/AIDS, incluindo conhecimentos (inadequado ou adequado), risco ocupacional (com ou sem risco) e variáveis de controle (idade, sexo, centro de saúde, educação e estado civil). Fizeram-se análises descritivas e de associação. Estimou-se a Odds Ratio (OR) mediante regressão logística simples e múltipla. Resultados. O 58.7% dos participantes reportou risco ocupacional de HIV/AIDS. Um 63.8% do grupo com exposição apresentou um nível de conhecimentos adequado, contra o 36.1% do grupo sem exposição (OR ajustado de 3.1, IC95%OR: 2.0-4.8, p Objective. To explore the relationship between knowledge level and occupational risk exposure to HIV/AIDS in primary care health workers. Methodology. Analytical cross-sectional study. 720 health workers from Santiago answered a survey about HIV/AIDS that included: knowledge level (appropriate, inappropriate), occupational risk (with or without risk), and control variables (age, gender, health center, education and marital status). Descriptive and association analysis were performed. Odds Ratio (OR) was estimated through simple and multiple regressions logistics. Results. 58.7% of the participants reported HIV occupational risk. 63.8% of the participants from the exposed group reported an appropriate level of knowledge, versus 36.1% of the non-exposed group (Adjusted OR of 3.1, IC95%OR: 2.0-4.8, p <0.0001). Technicians and cleaning staff reported a lower proportion of appropriate level of knowledge compared to the employees with college education (p <0.0001). Conclusion. The level of HIV/AID occupational risk is directly associated with the level of knowledge of the disease

Dimensions in the conceptual integration of jokes: or how a dissertation got lost in generic space

Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Lengua y Literatura InglesaConceptual Integration addresses the dynamicity of language as an interactive and situated phenomenon. This theory accounts for the productivity of new emergent structures in language. Taking into account that jokes are a prototypical discursive form which can be easily be differentiated intuitively, it is stated that jokes have not been properly differentiated from other linguistic structures, in the sense that their funny element has not been profiled in Blending Theory. This dissertation proposes a new conceptual schema in order to provide a novel model which includes funniness in jokes. Henceforth, this work hypothesizes the presence of a second generic space in jokes, which categorizes a non-entrenched feature which works as the basis of the humorous quality of jokes. In the attempt to properly test this novel schema, 30 jokes were analyzed following Conceptual Blending theory, with the addition of the new generic space. After the specific analysis of each joke, the success of the schema was measured with quantitative analysis. The results showed that for all the jokes from the sample presented a proposed Ad hoc Generic Space and a Conceptual one, that seem to support the hypothesis of its duality. Furthermore, a Blended Space was achieved via mappings of inputs for every joke and non-humorous blends using the same inputs could be constructed only for the jokes labelled as verbal

Sexual and gender minority health in Chile: findings from the 2016–2017 Health Survey

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To expose visibility of the health concerns of sexual and gender minority groups in Chile, as well as to provide a platform to advocate for policies that support the health and well-being of sexual and gender minority people in the country. METHODS The health conditions and risk factors of participants identified as sexual and gender minority were compared to those identified as cisgender heterosexual using data from the 2016-2017 National Health Survey. RESULTS Despite reporting higher self-rated health than heterosexual men, gay men had a higher risk of lifetime diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections. Compared to heterosexual women, the prevalence of depression was higher among bisexual women, who were also less likely to have been tested for HIV. Moreover, transgender participants were more likely to report depression and worse self-rated health than cisgender heterosexual participants. CONCLUSION Small sample sizes of sexual and gender minority subgroups might have obscured some differences that would have been observable in larger samples. Despite this, we found statistically significant sexual and/or gender identity differences in several health areas, especially mental, sexual, and overall health