Factors affecting the grain pollen germination of yellow passion fruit: culture medium and agrotoxics

Foram conduzidos estudos para seleção de temperatura, meio de cultura e tempo de incubação ideais para germinação de grãos de pólen do maracujá-amarelo (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa), com a finalidade de adequar o método de avaliação da interferência de agrotóxicos. A temperatura de 28 + 0,5oC e o meio com 50 g/L de sacarose; 0,2 g/L de ácido bórico e 1,0 g/L de nitrato de cálcio forneceram as melhores condições para germinação dos grãos de pólen do maracujazeiro. Não detectou-se efeito significativo do tempo de incubação (17 e 48 horas) na germinação dos grãos de pólen. A percentagem de germinação dos grãos de pólen não foi prejudicada pelo acaricida Dicofol + Tetradifon e pelos inseticidas Cartap, Fenpropathrin e Abamectin. Os demais agrotóxicos afetaram a germinação dos grãos de pólen. Os inseticidas Malathion, Fenthion, Trichlorfon, Vamidothion, Deltamethrine, Parathion Methyl e o espalhante adesivo N-dodecil benzeno de sulfato de sódio reduziram moderadamente a germinação, enquanto o Ethion e o Lambdacyhalothrin interferiram severamente na germinação dos grãos de pólen.Temperature, culture medium, incubation period and pH for yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) pollen germination, as well the effect of agrotoxics were studied. Temperature of 28 ± 0.5°C, culture medium with 50 g/L of sacarose, 0.2 g/L of boric acid and 1.0 g/L of calcium nitrate showed better germination of P. edulis f. flavicarpa pollen. No effect of the incubation period (17 and 48 hours) was registered for pollen germination of this plant. Percentage of pollen germination of P. edulis f. flavicarpa was not affected by the acaricid Dicofol + Tetradifon and by the insecticides Cartap, Fenpropathrin, and Abamectin. There was a small reduction in pollen germination in the presence of insecticides Malathion, Fenthion, Thrichorfon, Vamidothion, Deltamethrin, Methyl Parathion and the spreader-sticker N-dodecil benzen sodium sulphate. Ethion and Lambdacyhalothrin had severe effect on pollen germination of this plant

Evolution of anthocyanin content during grape ripening and characterization of the phenolic profile of the resulting wine by comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography

The typical phenolic profile in grapes is characterized by its complexity both in terms of number of diverse chemical structures and their variation during ripening. Besides, the specific phenolic composition of grapes directly influences the presence of those components in the resulting wine. In this contribution, a new method based on the application of comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector and tandem mass spectrometry has been developed to obtain the typical phenolic profile of Malbec grapes cultivated in Brazil. Moreover, the method has been demonstrated to be useful to study how the phenolic composition in grapes evolved during a 10-week ripening period. Main detected compounds in grapes and in the wine derived from them were anthocyanins, although a good number of polymeric flavan-3-ols were also tentatively identified, among other compounds. Results show how the amount of anthocyanins present in grapes was increased during ripening up to 5–6 weeks and then decreased towards week 9. The two-dimensional approach applied was demonstrated to be useful for the characterization of the complex phenolic profile of these samples, involving more than 40 different structures and has the potential to be further applied to the study of this important fraction is different grapes and wines systematically

The Influence of Bees on Pollination and Pesticides on Pollen Germination of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg.)

Nesta pesquisa, estudou-se a influência de abelhas na polinização e de agrotóxicos na germinação in vitro do grão de pólen do maracujazeiro. Desenvolveram-se bioensaios para avaliar o efeito de visitas de Xylocopa spp. (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) às flores e do número de flores em antese no seu vingamento; e verificar a interferência de Trigona spinipes Fabr. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) na polinização e frutificação do maracujazeiro. Quando havia menos de 0,8 flor/m linear de espaldeira, a porcentagem de vingamento das flores não se alterou. Quando o número de flor/m linear de espaldeira foi de 0,8 a 1,2, ocorreu aumento do vingamento com a elevação do número de visitas de Xylocopa spp. por flor. Com mais de 1,2 flor/m linear de espaldeira, ocorreu um aumento linear do vingamento corn a elevação do número de visitas. Observou-se que flores com injúrias de T. spinipes apresentaram maior vingamento e originaram frutos com menor peso de polpa e sementes. Verificou-se que em dias mais ensolarados e quentes ocorreu aumento do número de Xylocopa spp. no pomar, e com o aumento da precipitação pluvial diária e umidade da tarde houve redução. Em horas mais ensolaradas, houve maior presença destas abelhas. Para avaliação do efeito dos agrotóxicos, foram conduzidos experimentos para seleção da temperatura, do meio de cultura , do tempo de incubação e do pH, ideais para germinação in vitro de grãos de pólen do maracujazeiro. A temperatura de 28 i 0,5ºC, obtida em estufa incubadora para B.O.D., com fotoperíodo constante de 24 horas, e o meio constituído 5D g/L de sacarose 0,2 g/L de ácido bórico e 1,0 g/L de nitrato de cálcio e pH de 6,5 apresentaram as melhores condições para germinação. Não se detectou efeito do tempo de incubação (17 e 48 horas) na germinação do grão de pólen. A porcentagem de germinação obtida com os agrotóxicos Dicofol + Tetradifon, Cartap, Fenpropathrin e Abamectin não diferiram estatisticamente (P<0,05) da testemunha. Os agrotóxicos Malathion, Fenthion, Trichlorfon, Vamidothion, Deltamethrine, Parathion Methyl e o espalhante adesivo N - dodecil benzeno de sulfato de sódio reduziram a germinação dos grãos de pólen. O Ethion e o Lambdacyhalothrin proporcionaram as menores porcentagens, não diferindo estatisticamente entre siThe influence of bees on pollination and of pesticides on in vitro pollen germination in passion fruit was studied. Bioassays were developed in order to asses the effect of visit frequency of Xylocopa spp. (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) to the flowers and the numbers of flowers in anthesis in fruit set. The fruit set was not influenced by the visit frequency if the number of open flowers was less than 0.8 per linear meter of row. Fruit setting increase was observed with the increase of number of Xylocopa spp. per flower when 0.8 to 1.2 flowers per row meter were found. Therefore, number of flowers superior to 1.2 provided a linear increase in fruit setting with the increase of the frequency of Xylocopa spp. visits. The occurrence of Xylocopa spp. in the orchard was positively affected by sunny and hot days, and negatively affected by increasing daily pluvial precipitation and afternoon air humidity. The influence of Trigona spinipes Fabr. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on pollination and fruit setting were also evaluated. Flowers injured by T. spinipes presented a higher fruit setting and gave rise to fruits with lower pulp and seeds weight. Aiming at studying the influence of pesticides on in vitro pollen germination, initial experiments were done to optimize cultural conditions such as temperature, medium, incubation time and pH. The best condition for pollen germination was under B.O.D. environment (temperature of 28 i 0.5ºC; contínuos light), culture medium supplemented by õog/L sucrose, 0.02 g/L boric acid, 1.0 g/L calcium nitrate and pH 6.5. There was no effect of the incubation time (17 and 48 hours) on germination. Besides, there was no statistically difference (P<0.05) of the various germination percentages obtained from pesticides treatments, namely Dicofol + Tetradifon, Cartap, Fenpropathrin and Abamectin as compared to the control. On the other hand, pesticides like Malathion, Fenthion, Trichlorfon, Vamidothion, Deltamethrine, Parathion Methyl and the adjuvant N-dodecil sodium benzen sulphate reduced the pollen grains germination. The Ethion and Lambdacyhalothrin drastically reduced pollen germinationConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológic

Viabilidade do pólen de maracujazeiro sob diferentes condições de armazenamento

A viabilidade do pólen de maracujazeiro armazenado sob diferentes condições de temperatura (ambiente, geladeira e congelador), com o uso ou não de dessecador, ao longo do tempo (0, l, 2 e 7 dias), foi avaliada in vitro. 0 pólen foi coletado de flores previamente protegidas por sacos de papel, para evitar contaminação, e colocado em placas de Petri, vedadas com filme plástico, para ser então submetido aos tratamentos. Foram retiradas alíquotas de cada tratamento, nos períodos determinados, e colocadas em placas com meio para germinação, que permaneceram em estufa incubadora, com fotoperíodo constante e a 28 ºC, por um período de 17-20 horas. O pólen teve melhor conservação na condição ambiente, por um dia, sem alterar significativamente a percentagem de germinação (50 %), que caiu a 26 % dois dias após a coleta. A utilização de baixas temperaturas e dessecador mostrou-se inadequada, reduzindo bruscamente a viabilidade do pólen desde o primeiro dia de armazenamento. Em decorrência dos resultados obtidos in vitro, procedeu-se à avaliação in vivo, polinizando-se flores com pólen recém-coletado e armazenado à temperatura ambiente por 24 e 48 horas. Os resultados evidenciaram que o pólen manteve-se viável por até 24 horas após a coleta. A polinização com pólen armazenado durante 48 horas não resultou em frutificação.The viability of passion fruit pollen stored under different conditions was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. For the in vitro evaluation, the pollen grains were stored at room temperame, refrigeration (4 ºC) and freezing (-10ºC), dried or not in a desiccator. Evaluation was done after O, 1, 2 and 7 days. Pollen genuínation was more effective when the pollen was stored at room temperature until one day after collection (50 germination), and poorer at the third day (26 %). Low temperatmes and low humidity caused lose of gemnination. Further, pollen viability was evaluated in vivo, with fresh and stored (24 and 48 hours) pollen. Stored pollen was viable for 24 hours. No fruit set was obtained when pollmation was done using 48 hour-old pollen

POPULAÇÃO MICROBIANA, DISPONIBILIDADE DE NUTRIENTES E CRESCIMENTO DE UMBUZEIRO EM SUBSTRATOS CONTENDO RESÍDUOS ORGÂNICOS

The umbu is an important fruit for the northeast of Brazil because it is being used in reforestation areas and has great economic potential. However, there is a gap on propagation techniques of this culture that is a crucial step for the successful of plant development. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of alternative substrate on the growth of umbu rootstock, fertility attributes, and microbial populations of these mixtures.The experimental design was completely randomized with 10 treatments: TA = soil + sand (1:1); A = sand; ECSC = goat manure + Plantmax® (1:3); EBSC = manure + Plantmax® (1:3); ECA = goat manure + sand (1:3); EBA = manure + sand (1:3); ECBSC = manure + goat manure + Plantmax® (1:1:3); ECBA = manure + goat manure + sand (1:1:3); HSC = humus + Plantmax® (1:3) and HA = humus + sand (1:3),with four replications. The addition of residues promoted the quality of the umbu rootstock, especially when mixed with a commercial substrate composed of vegetable organic matter and expanded vermiculite. With multivariate clustering, three groups acknowledged a similarity between the substrate mixtures. The use of humus or goat manure mixed with the commercial substrate is recommended for the production of umbu rootstock

Electronic supplementary material to: Evolution of anthocyanin content during grape ripening and characterization of the phenolic profile of the resulting wine by comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography

Table S1. Columns used for the optimization of the HILIC × RP method used in the present research. Table S2. Identification proposed for the anthocyanins evaluated in the grape samples during ripening for a 10-week period. Figure S1. C18-RP 1DLC analysis of grape W9 (A) and wine (B). Blue: separation acquired at 280 nm; red: separation acquired at 520 nm. Figure S2. Chromatograms (280 nm) obtained for the HILIC separations obtained from a grape sample after optimization in a Zic-HILIC (A), diol (B) and silica (C) columns. Separation conditions are shown in inserts. Figure S3. Chromatograms (280 nm) obtained for the RP-based separations obtained from a grape sample after optimization in a PFP (A) and C18 (B) columns. Separation conditions are: flow rate 2 ml min-1 (Panel A) or 3 ml min-1 (panel B); elution with water (0.1% formic acid, solvent A) and acetonitrile (solvent B) as mobile phases. Specific gradients were shown in the respective chromatogram. Figure S4. 2D contour plots from the polyphenolic fraction of a grape sample (W10) obtained using different gradients and mobile phases composition in the second dimension, as indicated. Figure S5. 2D plots obtained under the optimum separation conditions for the grape samples of different ripening degree (W1 to W10).Peer reviewe

Evolution of anthocyanin content during grape ripening and characterization of the phenolic profile of the resulting wine by comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography

The typical phenolic profile in grapes is characterized by its complexity both in terms of number of diverse chemical structures and their variation during ripening. Besides, the specific phenolic composition of grapes directly influences the presence of those components in the resulting wine. In this contribution, a new method based on the application of comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector and tandem mass spectrometry has been developed to obtain the typical phenolic profile of Malbec grapes cultivated in Brazil. Moreover, the method has been demonstrated to be useful to study how the phenolic composition in grapes evolved during a 10-week ripening period. Main detected compounds in grapes and in the wine derived from them were anthocyanins, although a good number of polymeric flavan-3-ols were also tentatively identified, among other compounds. Results show how the amount of anthocyanins present in grapes was increased during ripening up to 5–6 weeks and then decreased towards week 9. The two-dimensional approach applied was demonstrated to be useful for the characterization of the complex phenolic profile of these samples, involving more than 40 different structures and has the potential to be further applied to the study of this important fraction is different grapes and wines systematically.L.O.L. acknowledges a fellowship provided by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES). P.S. thanks the Research Excellence Initiative of the University of Silesia in Katowice for co-financing his research activities. L.M. acknowledges a “Ramon y Cajal” grant RYC2021-033148-I funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR. This work was supported by grant PID2020-113050RB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (Spain). Authors acknowledge Chromaleont S.r.l. for the support and assistance with ChromSquare software.Peer reviewe

Análise exploratória das características morfológicas e qualitativas de variedades de laranjeiras de mesa da coleção em brejão - PE

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características morfológicas e os aspectos físicos, físico-químicos e químicos das plantas e dos frutos de 15 variedades de laranjas cedidas pelo Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Mandioca e Fruticultura (Embrapa - CNPMF), e plantadas na Estação Experimental do Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco, Brejão-PE. Foram avaliados: diâmetro do caule acima e abaixo da linha de enxertia e a relação entre eles, diâmetro da copa, altura da planta e volume de copa. Nos frutos, as avaliações consistiram em: formato, coloração do epicarpo, massa do fruto, massa do suco, altura e diâmetro do fruto, espessura do mesocarpo e do endocarpo, número de sementes por fruto e rendimento em suco. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualisados, com quatro repetições e uma planta por parcela. Para o aspecto qualitativo dos frutos, utilizou-se o mesmo delineamento, e foram avaliados através de 12 descritores. Apenas seis das variedades de laranjas estudadas estão dentro das exigências do Programa Brasileiro para a Modernização da Horticultura e cinco das variedades de laranjas mostraram-se com maturação diferente das descritas na literatura

GENETIC DIVERSITY IN ACCESSIONS OF Passiflora cincinnata Mast. BASED ON MORPHOAGRONOMIC DESCRIPTORS AND MOLECULAR MARKERS

Passiflora cincinnata Mast. has become more popular in the market because the unusual flavor of its fruits and natural beauty of its flowers, and has great potential for breeding programs of Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa, because its resistance to diseases and drought. The objective of this work was to evaluate seven wild passion fruit (P. cincinnata) accessions, using morphological and agronomic descriptors and molecular markers type ISSR, to identify their morphoagronomic and genetic variabilities and potential for use in breeding programs. A randomized block experimental design was used with five replications and two plants per plot. Thirteen qualitative and twenty-one quantitative, vegetative and floral characteristics were used for morphoagronomic characterization. Twelve ISSR primers were evaluated for molecular characterization. Among the qualitative characteristics, only the color variations were significantly different between the accessions. According to the mean squares of the quantitative characteristics evaluated, obtained from analysis of variance, the means of accessions showed significant differences (p<0.01) for all characteristics. The IAL (internode average length) was the morphological descriptor that most contributed to diversity, with 43.12%, followed by DH5 (stem diameter at 5 cm height) and SW (sepal width). The average genetic similarity found was 68%. Despite the low genetic variability found among accessions, the primers UBC-887 and UBC-841 stood out with high percentage of polymorphism with 14 and 11 polymorphic fragments, respectively, and higher values of polymorphism information content (PIC), resolving power (RP) and marker index (MI), denoting suitability for use in diversity studies of P. cincinnata. Low variability was found among accessions evaluated