Data from: Encephalization and longevity evolved in a correlated fashion in Euarchontoglires but not in other mammals

Across mammals, encephalization and longevity show a strong correlation. It is not clear, however, whether these traits evolved in a correlated fashion within mammalian orders, or when they do, whether one trait drives changes in the other. Here, we compare independent and correlated evolutionary models to identify instances of correlated evolution within six mammalian orders. In cases of correlated evolution, we subsequently examined transition patterns between small/large relative brain size and short/long lifespan. In four mammalian orders, these traits evolved independently. This may reflect constraints related to energy allocation, predation avoidance tactics, and reproductive strategies. Within both primates and rodents, and their parent clade Euarchontoglires, we found evidence for correlated evolution. In primates, transition patterns suggest relatively larger brains likely facilitated the evolution of long lifespans. Because larger brains prolong development and reduce fertility rates, they may be compensated for with longer lifespans. Furthermore, encephalization may enable cognitively-complex strategies that reduce extrinsic mortality. Rodents show an inverse pattern of correlated evolution, whereby long lifespans appear to have facilitated the evolution of relatively larger brains. This may be because longer-lived organisms have more to gain from investment in encephalization. Together, our results provide evidence for the correlated evolution of encephalization and longevity, but only in some mammalian orders

Evolution_DeCasien et al_Supplementary Data

This excel file contains all data used in the manuscript "Encephalization and longevity evolved in a correlated fashion in Euarchontoglires but not in other mammals". Specifically, this data set contains maximum lifespans, species average brain weights, and species average body weights for more than 600 mammalian species, including 151 carnivorans (Carnivora), 77 even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla), 37 cetaceans (Cetacea), and 54 chiropterans (Chiroptera) among Laurasiatheria, and 168 rodents (Rodentia), 10 lagomorphs (Lagomorpha), 3 tree shrews (Scandentia), and 144 primates (Primates) among Euarchontoglires

Evolutionary relationships of Macaca fascicularis fascicularis (Raffles 1821) (Primates: Cercopithecidae) from Singapore revealed by Bayesian analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences

Schillaci, Michael A., Klegarth, Amy R., Switzer, William M., Shattuck, Milena R., Lee, Benjamin P. Y-H., Hollocher, Hope (2017): Evolutionary relationships of Macaca fascicularis fascicularis (Raffles 1821) (Primates: Cercopithecidae) from Singapore revealed by Bayesian analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 65: 3-19, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.535578

Procrustes-transformed multidimensional scaling plots of Eurasian and American individuals.

<p>(A) 641 individuals from 53 populations after resampling of 82 individuals from each of 14 nonoverlapping groups of European, Central and South Asian, East Asian, and American populations (<a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004530#pgen.1004530.s007" target="_blank">Figure S7</a>). (B) 641 individuals from 41 populations after resampling of 82 individuals from each of 15 nonoverlapping groups of European, East Asian, and American populations (<a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004530#pgen.1004530.s008" target="_blank">Figure S8</a>). (C) 393 individuals from 22 populations after resampling of 82 individuals from each of 10 nonoverlapping groups of European and American populations (<a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004530#pgen.1004530.s009" target="_blank">Figure S9</a>). (D) 450 individuals from 34 populations after resampling of 82 individuals from each of 11 nonoverlapping groups of East Asian and American populations (<a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004530#pgen.1004530.s010" target="_blank">Figure S10</a>). Procrustes similarity statistics are <i>t</i>₀ = 0.958 between <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004530#pgen-1004530-g004" target="_blank">Figures 4B</a> and <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004530#pgen-1004530-g005" target="_blank">5A</a>, <i>t</i>₀ = 0.999 between <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004530#pgen-1004530-g005" target="_blank">Figures 5A and 5B</a>, <i>t</i>₀ = 0.956 between <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004530#pgen-1004530-g005" target="_blank">Figures 5B and 5C</a>, and <i>t</i>₀ = 0.997 between <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004530#pgen-1004530-g005" target="_blank">Figures 5B and 5D</a>. Population colors and symbols follow <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004530#pgen-1004530-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a>.</p

Time of European and East-Asian admixture in North and Central America estimated using the admixture linkage disequilibrium approach in <i>ALDER</i>[44].

α<p>Populations considered as admixed populations using <i>ALDER</i><a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004530#pgen.1004530-Loh1" target="_blank">[44]</a>.</p>β<p>Sets of European populations considered separately in <i>ALDER</i><a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004530#pgen.1004530-Loh1" target="_blank">[44]</a> as reference populations for admixture.</p><p><i>EurA</i> : Toscani (TSI); Caucasian (CEU); Russian; Basque; French; Sardinian.</p><p><i>EurB</i> : Toscani (TSI); Basque ; French; Sardinian.</p><p><i>EurC</i> : Toscani (TSI); Caucasian (CEU); Basque; French; Sardinian.</p>γ<p><i>Sets of</i> East Asian populations considered separately in <i>ALDER</i><a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004530#pgen.1004530-Loh1" target="_blank">[44]</a> as reference populations for admixture.</p><p><i>na</i>: No significant admixture was found with any of the reference populations considered.</p><p><i>AsA</i> : Japanese (JPT); Japanese.</p><p><i>AsB</i> : Han; Han (CHB); Han (CHD); Japanese (JPT); Japanese.</p><p><i>AsC</i> : Han; Han (CHB); Han (CHD); Japanese (JPT); Japanese; Yakut.</p>δ<p>Mean admixture time in years (25 years for generation time) estimated by <i>ALDER</i><a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004530#pgen.1004530-Loh1" target="_blank">[44]</a> across the reference populations considered ± mean of the admixture time standard deviations obtained across the reference populations considered.</p>∈<p>Mean admixture rate estimated by <i>ALDER </i><a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004530#pgen.1004530-Loh1" target="_blank">[<i>44</i>]</a> across the reference populations considered ± standard deviation.</p

Worldwide Admixture structure.

<p>Plotted are modes with clustering solutions obtained with 30 replicates at each value of <i>K</i>. Values of <i>K</i> and the number of runs in the mode shown appear on the left. In each plot, each cluster is represented by a different color, and each individual is represented by a vertical line divided into <i>K</i> colored segments with heights proportional to genotype memberships in the clusters. Thin black lines separate individuals from different populations. The same 528 individuals included in <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004530#pgen-1004530-g004" target="_blank">Figure 4B</a> are considered in the Admixture analyses. Alternate clustering solutions for values of <i>K</i> from 2 to 12 appear in <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004530#pgen.1004530.s003" target="_blank">Figure S3</a>.</p

Individual-level population structure.

<p>(A) Multidimensional scaling plot of pairwise allele-sharing distance (ASD) among 2,140 individuals in the combined dataset. (B) Multidimensional scaling plot of pairwise ASD among 528 individuals from 63 worldwide populations, following the resampling of a maximum of 82 individuals each from 11 different population groups. Group choices for resampling were taken from <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004530#pgen.1004530.s006" target="_blank">Figure S6</a>. Population colors and symbols follow <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004530#pgen-1004530-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a>.</p

North American indigenous dataset.

a<p>The distance to Addis Ababa along waypoint routes.</p>b<p>Genome-wide mean haplotype heterozygosity and standard deviation across 22 chromosomes.</p>c<p>The fraction of missing genotype data among the 475,109 total SNPs in the combined dataset, with the standard deviation taken across individuals within the population.</p

Map of populations included in the combined dataset.

<p>The Tlingit, Tsimshian, Nisga'a, Splatsin, Stswecem'c, and Haida populations, as well as the Northern Mexico Seri population indicated by a black diamond, were newly genotyped for this study. See <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004530#pgen-1004530-t001" target="_blank">Tables 1</a> and <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004530#pgen.1004530.s011" target="_blank">S1</a> for additional population information.</p

Genome-wide haplotype heterozygosities.

<p>(A) Mean expected haplotype heterozygosity in each population, with standard deviations across the 22 autosomes. (B) The correlation between mean haplotype heterozygosity and geographic distance from Addis Ababa. Population colors and symbols follow <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004530#pgen-1004530-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a>.</p