Ecological economics and globalization

One Professor of the University of Georgia defines globalization as “processes that lead towards global interdependence and the increasing rapidity of change across vast distances”. This definition by itself does not seem to be describing a malicious process—or for that matter, even a new process. gobalization has been around for thousands of years, ever since the first human groups started systems of trade and interaction with other groups. In the past this interaction has led to many positive exchanges and definitely some negative ones as well. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3170

Correlation between MMP-9 and extracellular cytokine HMGB1 in prediction of human ischemic stroke outcome

AbstractIschemic stroke (IS) outcome predictors include clinical features, biochemical parameters and some risk factors. The relations between two main players in the ischemic brain, MMPs and HMGB1, were estimated in the plasma of ischemic stroke patients stratified according to the Glasgow Outcome Scale and the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project classification. IS patients exhibited higher plasma concentration of MMP-9 and the inflammatory cytokine HMGB1 compared with healthy controls. A full-blown correlation between MMP-9 activation and increased plasma MMP-9 concentration was observed in case of IS patients. A similar activity of MMP-2 and MMP-12 was characteristic of healthy volunteers and IS patients. In patients with ischemic stroke increased plasma levels of MMP-9 and HMGB1 are associated with a poor functional outcome and are significantly correlated with each other (P=0.0054). We suggest that diagnostic benefits will be obtained if plasma HMGB1 levels are measured for IS patients in addition to MMP-9

Incidence rates of the primary brain tumours in Georgia - a population-based study

BACKGROUND: To determine the incidence rate and to describe other basic epidemiological data of primary brain tumours in a population-based study in Georgia, performed between March 2009 and March 2011. METHODS: Active case ascertainment was used to identify brain tumour cases by searching neuroradiology scan reports and medical records from all participating medical institutions, covering almost 100% of the neurooncology patients in the country. RESULTS: A total of 980 new cases were identified during the two-year period. For a population of almost 4.5 million, the overall annual incidence rate was 10.62 per 100,000 person-years, age-standardized to the year 2000 US population (ASR). Non-malignant tumours constituted about 65.5% of all tumours. Males accounted for 44% and females for 56% of the cases. Among classified tumours, age-standardized incidence rates by histology were highest for meningiomas (2.65/100,000), pituitary adenoma (1.23/100,000) and glioblastomas (0.51/100,000). ASR were higher among females than males for all primary brain tumours (10.35 vs. 9.48/100,000) as well as for main histology groups except for neuroepithelial, lymphomas and germ cell tumours. CONCLUSIONS: The annual incidence rate of all primary brain tumours in Georgia, though comparable with some European registry data, is low in comparison with the 2004–2005 Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS) database, which may reflect variations in reporting and methodology. The higher percentage of unclassified tumours (37.8%) probably also affects the discrepancies between our and CBTRUS findings. However, the most frequently reported tumour was meningioma with a significant predominance in females, which is consistent with CBTRUS data

Health systems strengthening: a common classification and framework for investment analysis

Significant scale-up of donors' investments in health systems strengthening (HSS), and the increased application of harmonization mechanisms for jointly channelling donor resources in countries, necessitate the development of a common framework for tracking donors' HSS expenditures. Such a framework would make it possible to comparatively analyse donors' contributions to strengthening specific aspects of countries' health systems in multi-donor-supported HSS environments. Four pre-requisite factors are required for developing such a framework: (i) harmonization of conceptual and operational understanding of what constitutes HSS; (ii) development of a common set of criteria to define health expenditures as contributors to HSS; (iii) development of a common HSS classification system; and (iv) harmonization of HSS programmatic and financial data to allow for inter-agency comparative analyses. Building on the analysis of these aspects, the paper proposes a framework for tracking donors' investments in HSS, as a departure point for further discussions aimed at developing a commonly agreed approach. Comparative analysis of financial allocations by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and the GAVI Alliance for HSS, as an illustrative example of applying the proposed framework in practice, is also presente

Stroke incidence and 30-day case-fatality in a suburb of Tbilisi: results of the first prospective population-based study in Georgia

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Although stroke is one of the main public health problems worldwide, no study of stroke incidence has been performed in Georgia, and therefore, a population-based registry was established to determine the incidence and case-fatality rates of first-ever stroke. METHODS: We identified all first-ever strokes between November 2000 and July 2003 in a defined population of 51,246 residents in the Sanzona suburb of Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia, using overlapping sources of information and standard diagnostic criteria. RESULTS: A total of 233 first-ever strokes occurred during the study period. The crude annual incidence rate was 165 (95% CI, 145 to 188) per 100,000 residents. The corresponding rate adjusted to the standard "world" population was 103 (95% CI, 89 to 117). In terms of stroke subtype, the crude annual incidence rate per 100,000 inhabitants was 89 (95% CI, 74 to 106) for ischemic stroke, 44 (95% CI, 34 to 57) for intracerebral hemorrhage, 16 (95% CI, 10 to 25) for subarachnoidal hemorrhage, and 16 (95% CI, 10 to 25) for unspecified stroke, and the corresponding case-fatality rates at 1 month were 19.2%, 48.4%, 47.8%, and 69.6%. CONCLUSIONS: The overall stroke incidence rate in an urban population of Georgia is comparable to those reported in developed countries. As for the stroke subtypes, there is an excess of hemorrhagic strokes compared with other registries. Geographical and lifestyle variations may explain these findings, whereas inadequacy of the stroke care system in Georgia might contribute to the high case-fatality. [Authors]]]> Cerebrovascular Accident oai:serval.unil.ch:BIB_31770 2022-05-07T01:14:25Z <oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd"> https://serval.unil.ch/notice/serval:BIB_31770 La résurrection du Christ dans les apocryphes. Gounelle, R info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart incollection 2004 Les premiers temps de l'Église. De saint Paul à saint Augustin (Folio Histoire 124), pp. 117-121 Baslez, M-F (ed.) oai:serval.unil.ch:BIB_31771 2022-05-07T01:14:25Z <oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd"> https://serval.unil.ch/notice/serval:BIB_31771 Le Christ des apocryphes. Gounelle, R info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart incollection 2004 Les premiers temps de l'Église. De saint Paul à saint Augustin (Folio Histoire 124), pp. 242-245 Baslez, M-F (ed.) oai:serval.unil.ch:BIB_31771256CC87 2022-05-07T01:14:25Z openaire documents urnserval <oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd"> https://serval.unil.ch/notice/serval:BIB_31771256CC87 Cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes mortality burden of cardiometabolic risk factors from 1980 to 2010: a comparative risk assessment. info:doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70102-0 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70102-0 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pmid/24842598 Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases Collaboration Danaei, G. Lu, Y. Singh, G.M. Carnahan, E. Stevens, G.A. Cowan, M.J. Farzadfar, F. Lin, J.K. Finucane, M.M. Rao, M. Khang, Y.H. Riley, L.M. Mozaffarian, D. Lim, S.S. Ezzati, M. Aamodt, G. Abdeen, Z. Abdella, N.A. Rahim, H.F. Addo, J. Aekplakorn, W. Afifi, M.M. Agabiti-Rosei, E. Salinas, C.A. Agyemang, C. Ali, M.K. Ali, M.M. Al-Nsour, M. Al-Nuaim, A.R. Ambady, R. Di Angelantonio, E. Aro, P. Azizi, F. Babu, B.V. Bahalim, A.N. Barbagallo, C.M. Barbieri, M.A. Barceló, A. Barreto, S.M. Barros, H. Bautista, L.E. Benetos, A. Bjerregaard, P. Björkelund, C. Bo, S. Bobak, M. Bonora, E. Botana, M.A. Bovet, P. Breckenkamp, J. Breteler, M.M. Broda, G. Brown, I.J. Bursztyn, M. de León, A.C. Campos, H. Cappuccio, F.P. Capuano, V. Casiglia, E. Castellano, M. Castetbon, K. Cea, L. Chang, C.J. Chaouki, N. Chatterji, S. Chen, C.J. Chen, Z. Choi, J.S. Chua, L. Cífková, R. Cobiac, L.J. Cooper, R.S. Corsi, A.M. Costanza, M.C. Craig, C.L. Dankner, R.S. Dastgiri, S. Delgado, E. Dinc, G. Doi, Y. Dong, G.H. Dorsi, E. Dragano, N. Drewnowski, A. Eggertsen, R. Elliott, P. Engeland, A. Erem, C. Esteghamati, A. Fall, C.H. Fan, J.G. Ferreccio, C. Fezeu, L. Firmo, J.O. Florez, H.J. Fornés, N.S. Fowkes, F.G. Franceschini, G. Frisk, F. Fuchs, F.D. Fuller, E.L. Getz, L. Giampaoli, S. Gómez, L.F. Gomez-Zumaquero, J.M. Graff-Iversen, S. Grant, J.F. Carvajal, R.G. Gulliford, M.C. Gupta, R. Gupta, P.C. Gureje, O. Gutierrez, H.R. Hansen, T.W. Hata, J. He, J. Heim, N. Heinrich, J. Hemmingsson, T. Hennis, A. Herman, W.H. Herrera, V.M. Ho, S. Holdsworth, M. Frisman, G.H. Hopman, W.M. Hussain, A. Husseini, A. Ibrahim, M.M. Ikeda, N. Jacobsen, B.K. Jaddou, H.Y. Jafar, T.H. Janghorbani, M. Jasienska, G. Joffres, M.R. Jonas, J.B. Kadiki, O.A. Kalter-Leibovici, O. Kamadjeu, R.M. Kaptoge, S. Karalis, I. Kastarinen, M.J. Katz, J. Keinan-Boker, L. Kelly, P. Khalilzadeh, O. Kiechl, S. Kim, K.W. Kiyohara, Y. Kobayashi, J. Krause, M.P. Kubínová, R. Kurjata, P. Kusuma, Y.S. Lam, T.H. Langhammer, A. Lawes, C.M. Le, C. Lee, J. Lévy-Marchal, C. Lewington, S. Li, Y. Li, Y. Lim, T.O. Lin, X. Lin, C.C. Lin, H.H. Lind, L. Lissner, L. Liu, X. Lopez-Jaramillo, P. Lorbeer, R. Ma, G. Ma, S. Macià, F. MacLean, D.R. Maggi, S. Magliano, D.J. Makdisse, M. Mancia, G. Mannami, T. Marques-Vidal, P. Mbanya, J.C. McFarlane-Anderson, N. Miccoli, R. Miettola, J. Minh, H.V. Miquel, J.F. Miranda, J.J. Mohamed, M.K. Mohan, V. Mohanna, S. Mokdad, A. Mollentze, W.F. Morales, D.D. Morgan, K. Muiesan, L.M. Muntoni, S. Nabipour, I. Nakagami, T. Nangia, V. Nemesure, B. Neovius, M. Nerhus, K.A. Nervi, F. Neuhauser, H. Nguyen, M. Ninomiya, T. Noale, M. Oh, S.W. Ohkubo, T. Olivieri, O. Önal, A.E. Onat, A. Oróstegui, M. Ouedraogo, H. Pan, W.H. Panagiotakos, D.B. Panza, F. Park, Y. Passos, V.M. Pednekar, M.S. Pelizzari, P.M. Peres, M.A. Pérez, C. Pérez-Fernández, R. Pichardo, R. Phua, H.P. Pistelli, F. Plans, P. Polakowska, M. Poulter, N. Prabhakaran, D. Qiao, Q. Rafiei, M. Raitakari, O.T. Ramos, L.R. Rampal, S. Rampal, L. Rasmussen, F. Reddy, K.K. Redon, J. Revilla, L. Reyes-García, V. Roaeid, R.B. Robinson, C.A. Rodriguez-Artalejo, F. Rojas-Martinez, R. Ronkainen, K. Rosero-Bixby, L. Roth, G.A. Sachdev, H.S. Sánchez, J.R. Sanisoglu, S.Y. Sans, S. Sarraf-Zadegan, N. Scazufca, M. Schaan, B.D. Schapochnik, N. Schelleman, H. Schneider, I.J. Schooling, C.M. Schwarz, B. Sekuri, C. Sereday, M.S. Serra-Majem, L. Shaw, J. Shera, A.S. Shi, Z. Shiri, R. Shu, X.O. Silva, D.A. Silva, E. Simons, L.A. Smith, M. Söderberg, S. Soebardi, S. Solfrizzi, V. Sonestedt, E. Soysal, A. Stattin, P. Stein, A.D. Stergiou, G.S. Stessman, J. Sudo, A. Suka, M. Sundh, V. Sundquist, K. Sundström, J. Swai, A.B. Tai, E.S. Tambs, K. Tesfaye, F. Thomas, G.N. Thorogood, M. Tilvis, R.S. Tobias, M. Torheim, L.E. Trenkwalder, P. Tuomilehto, J.O. Tur, J.A. Tzourio, C. Uhernik, A.I. Ukoli, F.A. Unwin, N. Hoorn, S.V. Vanderpump, M.P. Varo, J.J. Veierød, M.B. Velásquez-Meléndez, G. Verschuren, M. Viet, L. Villalpando, S. Vioque, J. Vollenweider, P. Volpato, S. Wang, N. Wang, Y.X. Ward, M. Waspadji, S. Welin, L.X. Whitlock, G. Wilhelmsen, L. Willeit, J. Woodward, M. Wormser, D. Xavier, A.J. Xu, F. Xu, L. Yamamoto, A. Yang, G. Yang, X. Yeh, L.C. Yoon, J.S. You, Q. Yu, Z. Zhang, J. Zhang, L. Zheng, W. Zhou, M. Ward, M. info:eu-repo/semantics/article article 2014-08</

How universal is coverage and access to diagnosis and treatment for Chagas disease in Colombia? A health systems analysis

Limited access to Chagas disease diagnosis and treatment is a major obstacle to reaching the 2020 World Health Organization milestones of delivering care to all infected and ill patients. Colombia has been identified as a health system in transition, reporting one of the highest levels of health insurance coverage in Latin America. We explore if and how this high level of coverage extends to those with Chagas disease, a traditionally marginalised population. Using a mixed methods approach, we calculate coverage for screening, diagnosis and treatment of Chagas. We then identify supply-side constraints both quantitatively and qualitatively. A review of official registries of tests and treatments for Chagas disease delivered between 2008 and 2014 is compared to estimates of infected people. Using the Flagship Framework, we explore barriers limiting access to care. Screening coverage is estimated at 1.2% of the population at risk. Aetiological treatment with either benznidazol or nifurtimox covered 0.3-0.4% of the infected population. Barriers to accessing screening, diagnosis and treatment are identified for each of the Flagship Framework's five dimensions of interest: financing, payment, regulation, organization and persuasion. The main challenges identified were: a lack of clarity in terms of financial responsibilities in a segmented health system, claims of limited resources for undertaking activities particularly in primary care, non-inclusion of confirmatory test(s) in the basic package of diagnosis and care, poor logistics in the distribution and supply chain of medicines, and lack of awareness of medical personnel. Very low screening coverage emerges as a key obstacle hindering access to care for Chagas disease. Findings suggest serious shortcomings in this health system for Chagas disease, despite the success of universal health insurance scale-up in Colombia. Whether these shortcomings exist in relation to other neglected tropical diseases needs investigating. We identify opportunities for improvement that can inform additional planned health reforms. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license

Mental health interventions for persons living with HIV in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Addressing the intersection between mental health and HIV is critical for the wellbeing of persons living with HIV (PLWH). This systematic review synthesized the literature on mental health interventions for PLWH in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) to determine intervention components and explore their relationship with intervention effectiveness. METHODS: We included only controlled clinical trials of interventions aiming to improve the mental health of PLWH. We conducted a search in the following databases: PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO and EMBASE for eligible studies describing the evaluation of interventions for mental health problems among PLWH in LMICs published through August 2020. Two reviewers independently screened references in two successive stages of title/abstract screening and then full-text screening for references meeting title/abstract criteria. RESULTS: We identified a total of 30 eligible articles representing 6477 PLWH who were assigned to either the intervention arm (n = 3182) or control arm (n = 3346). The mental health interventions evaluated were psychological (n = 17, 56.67%), pharmacological (n = 6, 20.00%), combined psychological and pharmacological (n = 1, 3.33%) and complementary/alternative treatments (n = 6, 20.00%). The mental health problems targeted were depression (n = 22, 73.33 %), multiple psychological symptoms (n = 1, 3.33%), alcohol and substance use problems (n = 4, 13.33%), post-traumatic stress disorder (n = 1, 3.33%) and HIV-related neuro-cognitive impairment (n = 2, 6.67%). Studies of interventions with significant effects had significantly a higher number of active ingredients than those without significant effects [3.41 (2.24) vs. 1.84 (1.46) Mean (SD)] [Mean difference = -1.56, 95% CI = -3.03 to -0.09, p = 0.037]. CONCLUSIONS: There continue to be advances in mental health interventions for PLWH with mental illness in LMICs. However, more research is needed to elucidate how intervention components lead to intervention effectiveness. We recommend scale up of culturally appropriate interventions that have been successfully evaluated in low- and middle-income countries