Trademark Owner\u27s Strategy: Litigation Versus the UDRP

The article offers information on the enactment, development, and significance of the Lanham Act, the Federal Trademark Diluting Act (FTDA), the Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act (ACPA), and the Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy (UDRP) to address the challenges arising out of the domain name registration process in the U.S. It informs that these acts provides assistance in safeguarding the rights of trademark owners against the domain name registrants

Density and gender segregation effects in the culture of the caridean ornamental red cherry shrimp Neocaridina davidi Bouvier, 1904 (Caridea: Atyidae)

The effect of density on growth, sex ratio, survival, and biochemical composition of the red cherry shrimp, Neocaridina davidi Bouvier, 1904, was studied to determine optimum rearing conditions in this ornamental species. It was tested whether gender segregation affected growth and survival of the species. To test the effect of density (Experiment 1), hatched juvenile shrimp were kept at three different densities: 2.5, 5, and 10 individuals l-1 (D2.5, D5 and D10, respectively). To test the effect of gender segregation (Experiment 2), 30-day juveniles were reared in three conditions: culture with only females, culture with only males, and mixed culture (females: males 1:1) at 5 individuals l-1 density. Experiments lasted 90 days, and shrimp were weighted either every 30 days (Experiment 1) or 15 days (Experiment 2). At day 90, females kept at D2.5 weighted 45% more than females stocked at D10 (P 0.05). Males at D2.5 weighted 29% more than D5 and D10 (P < 0.05). Survival was high and unaffected by treatment. Sexual differentiation did not differ among treatments. Females from D2.5 had the lowest lipid and protein content, which would occur if they had a higher spawning. Males from D2.5 had higher content of proteins, probably due to their larger size. Gender segregation had no effect over growth and survival; females grew up to a larger size than males both in monosex and mixed culture. It was shown that given to their non-aggressive behavior, N. davidi is tolerant to a highdensity condition, which makes it feasible as an ornamental species.Fil: Vázquez, Nicolás Darío. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Delevati Colpo, Karine. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Instituto de Limnología; ArgentinaFil: Sganga, Daniela Eliana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Lopez, Laura Susana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental; Argentin

Preimaginal stages of Acostatrichia simulans Mosely 1939, a Neotropical microcaddisfly (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae: Leucotrichiinae)

The preimaginal stages and cases of Acostatrichia simulans Mosely 1939, collected in Salto Encantado Provincial Park (Misiones province, Argentina) are described. This is the first description of the immature stages of this genus, and its first record from Argentina. The larvae were collected manually and transported to the laboratory, where they completed their development. Their identity was established using the metamorphotype method. They show strong resemblance to the larvae of Abtrichia Mosely, Anchitrichia Flint, Ceratotrichia Flint, Leucotrichia Mosely and Zumatrichia Mosely, especially to Zumatrichia.Fil: Angrisano, Elisa B.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Luján. Departamento de Ciencias Básicas; ArgentinaFil: Sganga, Julieta Valeria. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Smicridea mclachlan (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) from northwestern Argentina and bolivia: New species, redescription, association and new records

Four new species of Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) are described from Argentina and Bolivia. Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) bifida sp. nov., S. (R.) elisae sp. nov. and S. (R.) valeni sp. nov. are described from the male; S. (R.) thermophyla sp. nov. is described as the first species of Smicridea from thermal springs. The larva and pupa of S. (R.) thermophila were associated using the metamorphotype method. New distributional records of S. (R.) dithyra, S. (R.) atrobasis, S. (R.) peruana and S. (R.) pampeana are included. Morphological characters of male S. (R.) peruana that were not mentioned before are included. Illustrations of all taxa named in this paper are included.Fil: Rueda Martin, Paola Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucuman. Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical. Universidad Nacional de Tucuman. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical. Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical; ArgentinaFil: Sganga, Julieta Valeria. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Preimaginal stages of Triplectides misionensis Holzenthal and Triplectides gracilis (Burmeister) (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae: Triplectidinae), with notes on the cases occupied by these species

The larvae, pupae and cases of Triplectides misionensis Holzenthal and T. gracilis (Burmeister) are described from specimens collected in protected areas from northeastern Argentina. The larvae are easily differentiated by the coloration of the cephalic capsule, shape of the ventral apotome and submentum, anterior border of the pronotum, and coloration of the legs, among other characters, while the pupae can be recognized by the chaetotaxy of the head. The larvae occupy empty cases of Grumicha grumicha Valot and Nectopsyche gemma (Müller), as well as hollow twigs. Triplectides misionensis is found almost exclusively in cases of G. grumicha while T. gracilis prefers twigs of different sizes.Fil: Sganga, Julieta Valeria. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Angrisano, Elisa B.. Universidad Nacional de Luján. Departamento de Ciencias Básicas; ArgentinaFil: Asaroff, Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentin

Human Rights Education - As a Tool for the Reform of the Police

This article identifies the basic challenges faced by human rights activists when engaging police reform. It pays particular attention to the role of human rights education in such processes; moreover it explores what police and policing are meant to be and look like in a society where pluralism, human rights and the rule of law prevail. Lastly, it outlines the type of training required by a modern-democratic model of police functions

Dall'armonizzazione alla frammentazione: obiettivi e fallimenti della Direttiva Copyright (2019/790/UE) in materia di ricerca, educazione e accesso al patrimonio culturale

La Direttiva (UE) 2019/790 sul diritto d’autore nel mercato unico digitale (CDSM) ha voluto segnare un cambio di marcia e direzione nell’approccio alle eccezioni al diritto d’autore europeo, optando per l’introduzione di norme di natura obbligatoria ed in larga parte non derogabili dall’autonomia privata. La svolta giunge in risposta alle severe critiche mosse da dottrina e stakeholder sugli effetti distorsivi della natura opzionale delle eccezioni proposte sino a quel momento dall’armonizzazione comunitaria. Gli artt.3-6 CDSMD, che intervengono su temi centrali per l’accesso alla cultura, la preservazione del patrimonio culturale e il diritto all’educazione e alla ricerca, lasciano tuttavia ai legislatori nazionali ampi margini di discrezionalità su elementi chiave, e mancano di offrire linee guida utili al coordinamento delle nuove disposizioni con eccezioni già previste da direttive precedenti o dagli ordinamenti statali. A più di un anno dal termine fissato per la trasposizione, la frammentazione e disorganicità delle soluzioni normative adottate o proposte dagli Stati membri confermano i timori sollevati in fase di sua approvazione. Nel fornire una mappatura dello stato dell’armonizzazione, questo articolo offre (a) una analisi “verticale” delle divergenze nazionali nell’implementazione degli artt. 3-6 CDSMD e dei loro effetti negativi rispetto al perseguimento degli obiettivi delle singole norme, nonché (b) una valutazione “orizzontale” delle occasioni perse dai legislatori degli Stati membri, tanto rispetto ai margini di discrezionalità loro rimessi quanto nel coordinamento ed aggiornamento delle discipline nazionali, nonché delle conseguenze di tale “inerzia” sul bilanciamento tra diritto d’autore e accesso alla cultura, preservazione del patrimonio culturale e diritto all’educazione e alla ricerca