General introduction to a philosophy of action in Caguilhem: concept, context ans the works

Esse artigo é uma introdução geral à filosofia da ação nos trabalhos de Georges Canguilhem. O conceito canguilhemiano de ação define precisamente a superação do livre agir contra as normas abstratas e rígidas. Baseados em 1) diversos manuscritos não publicados (como "Qu'est-ce qu'agir?" ou "Objet et nature de la philosophie") e 2) uma análise geral dos campos metodológicos (estética, filosofia, história da ciência etc.) que caracteriza a produção filosófica de Canguilhem, pretendemos esclarecer o alcance teórica desse conceito à luz do contextos histórico e filosófico no qual ele se desenvolveu.This paper consists in a general introduction to the philosophy of action in Georges Canguilhem’s works. The canguilhemian concept of action defines precisely the overcoming of the free act against the abstract and rigid norm. On the basis of 1) several unpublished manuscripts (as Qu'est-ce qu'agir ? or Objet et nature de la philosophie) and 2) a general analysis of the methodological fields (aesthetic, philosophy, history of science, etc.) that characterize Canguilhem’s philosophical production, we aim to clarify the theoretical extent of this concept in the light of the historical and philosophical context in whitch it has evolved

La philosophie de Georges Canguilhem à travers son enseignement, 1929-1971 : examen du concept d'action

The private manuscripts of Georges Canguilhem (1904-1995) were not accessible to the public until 2008. Our work focuses on the analysis of the manuscripts written while Canguilhem, Professor of Philosophy (from 1929) and Philosophy and History of Science (from 1955), was teaching in several French schools and universities. Since the death of the philosopher from Castelnaudary, there has been a renewed interest in systematizing the whole of his published philosophical production. According to the majority of scholars, it began in 1943, that is, with the publication of the famous "Essay on some problems concerning the normal and the pathological". In literature, some recent works (which have been thoroughly discussed in Chapter I) have highlighted the importance of some previously unknown writings, such as « Descartes et la technique » (1937) and « Activité technique et création » (1938). Other authors have proposed that Canguilhem was a philosopher tout court, challenging a conventional view that considers him - first and foremost - as a science historian. This work aims to demonstrate that the concept of action allows for considering the philosophical production of Canguilhem as an organic and systematic ''whole'', and to consider him as a "philosopher tout court". This concept stands as a purely philosophical concept, due to the relationship between abstract thinking and concrete action. While the term action, whose corresponding concept defines precisely the overcoming of the free act against the abstract and rigid norm, is not present in the published texts, the unpublished manuscripts (discussed in Chapters II and III) deepen this concept by giving it a name, which is precisely that of action. As an example, a manuscript written in 1929-1932, "Philosophie (éléments de doctrine et textes choisis)", is mostly focused on the study of the philosophical notion of action. The fourth and last chapter is entirely dedicated to a course held in 1966-1967 at the Sorbonne University in Paris, entitled "L'action".Les manuscrits privés de Georges Canguilhem (1904-1995) ne sont accessibles au publique que depuis 2008. Le présent travail se focalise sur l'analyse des manuscrits concernant la période d'enseignement de Canguilhem, professeur de philosophie (à partir de 1929) et de philosophie et histoire des sciences (à partir de 1955) dans les lycées et dans les universités françaises. Depuis la mort du philosophe de Castelnaudary, on a assisté à une nouvelle tentative de systématisation et de mise en cohérence de la totalité de sa production philosophique publiée qui, selon les interprètes du passé, commençait conventionnellement en 1943, c'est-à-dire avec la parution du fameux "Essai sur quelques problèmes concernant le normal et le pathologique". Des articles récents (auxquels a été consacré le premier chapitre) ont par exemple mis en lumière l'importance de quelques écrits auparavant inconnus, tels que « Descartes et la technique » (1937) et « Activité technique et création » (1938) ; d'autres travaux ont avancé la thèse d'un Canguilhem ''philosophe tout court'', en rompant avec cette tradition qui le considérait d'abord comme un historien des sciences. Le but de ce travail est de démontrer que la clé interprétative permettant, à la fois, de regarder la production philosophique de Canguilhem comme un ''tout'' organique et systématique, et de le considérer comme un ''philosophe tout court'', consiste en un concept d'action, qui est à son tour une catégorie purement philosophique, car concernant les rapports entre le plan de la pensée abstraite et le plan de l'acte concret. Si le terme action, dont le concept correspondant indique précisément le surpassement de l'acte libre à l'égard de la norme abstraite et figée, n'est pas présent dans les textes publiés, les manuscrits inédits (analysés dans les chapitres II et III) approfondissent ce concept en lui conférant en même temps un nom, qui est justement celui d'action. Une grande partie d'un manuscrit de 1929-32, Philosophie (éléments de doctrine et textes choisis), porte par exemple sur l'étude de la notionphilosophique d'action. Le quatrième et dernier chapitre, entièrement dédié à un cours des années 1966-67, tenu à la Sorbonne et intitulé L'action, viendra conclure sur ce concept

Ganadería y calidad de agua en el Delta del Paraná Desafíos y recomendaciones

La publicación presenta una serie de problemáticas asociadas al impacto de la actividad ganadera sobre la calidad del agua en humedales. Se enfoca en los efectos de la presencia del ganado, del manejo hidrológico y del uso de productos veterinarios. se realizan también una serie de recomendaciones para una ganadería más sustentable en los humedales. está destinado a productores ganaderos de la región del Delta del Paraná.Fil: Boné, Emiliano. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental; ArgentinaFil: Casa, Valeria. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental; ArgentinaFil: Mataloni, Maria Gabriela. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental; ArgentinaFil: Sfara, Valeria. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental; Argentin

Georges Canguilhem's philosophy trough his teaching, 1929-1971 : analysis of the concept of action

Les manuscrits privés de Georges Canguilhem (1904-1995) ne sont accessibles au publique que depuis 2008. Le présent travail se focalise sur l'analyse des manuscrits concernant la période d'enseignement de Canguilhem, professeur de philosophie (à partir de 1929) et de philosophie et histoire des sciences (à partir de 1955) dans les lycées et dans les universités françaises. Depuis la mort du philosophe de Castelnaudary, on a assisté à une nouvelle tentative de systématisation et de mise en cohérence de la totalité de sa production philosophique publiée qui, selon les interprètes du passé, commençait conventionnellement en 1943, c'est-à-dire avec la parution du fameux "Essai sur quelques problèmes concernant le normal et le pathologique". Des articles récents (auxquels a été consacré le premier chapitre) ont par exemple mis en lumière l'importance de quelques écrits auparavant inconnus, tels que « Descartes et la technique » (1937) et « Activité technique et création » (1938) ; d'autres travaux ont avancé la thèse d'un Canguilhem ''philosophe tout court'', en rompant avec cette tradition qui le considérait d'abord comme un historien des sciences. Le but de ce travail est de démontrer que la clé interprétative permettant, à la fois, de regarder la production philosophique de Canguilhem comme un ''tout'' organique et systématique, et de le considérer comme un ''philosophe tout court'', consiste en un concept d'action, qui est à son tour une catégorie purement philosophique, car concernant les rapports entre le plan de la pensée abstraite et le plan de l'acte concret. Si le terme action, dont le concept correspondant indique précisément le surpassement de l'acte libre à l'égard de la norme abstraite et figée, n'est pas présent dans les textes publiés, les manuscrits inédits (analysés dans les chapitres II et III) approfondissent ce concept en lui conférant en même temps un nom, qui est justement celui d'action. Une grande partie d'un manuscrit de 1929-32, Philosophie (éléments de doctrine et textes choisis), porte par exemple sur l'étude de la notionphilosophique d'action. Le quatrième et dernier chapitre, entièrement dédié à un cours des années 1966-67, tenu à la Sorbonne et intitulé L'action, viendra conclure sur ce concept.The private manuscripts of Georges Canguilhem (1904-1995) were not accessible to the public until 2008. Our work focuses on the analysis of the manuscripts written while Canguilhem, Professor of Philosophy (from 1929) and Philosophy and History of Science (from 1955), was teaching in several French schools and universities. Since the death of the philosopher from Castelnaudary, there has been a renewed interest in systematizing the whole of his published philosophical production. According to the majority of scholars, it began in 1943, that is, with the publication of the famous "Essay on some problems concerning the normal and the pathological". In literature, some recent works (which have been thoroughly discussed in Chapter I) have highlighted the importance of some previously unknown writings, such as « Descartes et la technique » (1937) and « Activité technique et création » (1938). Other authors have proposed that Canguilhem was a philosopher tout court, challenging a conventional view that considers him - first and foremost - as a science historian. This work aims to demonstrate that the concept of action allows for considering the philosophical production of Canguilhem as an organic and systematic ''whole'', and to consider him as a "philosopher tout court". This concept stands as a purely philosophical concept, due to the relationship between abstract thinking and concrete action. While the term action, whose corresponding concept defines precisely the overcoming of the free act against the abstract and rigid norm, is not present in the published texts, the unpublished manuscripts (discussed in Chapters II and III) deepen this concept by giving it a name, which is precisely that of action. As an example, a manuscript written in 1929-1932, "Philosophie (éléments de doctrine et textes choisis)", is mostly focused on the study of the philosophical notion of action. The fourth and last chapter is entirely dedicated to a course held in 1966-1967 at the Sorbonne University in Paris, entitled "L'action"

Spatial Repellency Caused by Volatile Pyrethroids is Olfactory-Mediated in the German Cockroach Blattella germanica (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)

Pyrethroids are synthetic insecticides that have a repellent action. This effect has been associated with an increase in the locomotor activity, which causes the avoidance of the insecticide-treated area (excito-repellency). In this work, we studied with behavior and electrophysiological recordings the occurrence of olfactory-mediated repellency caused by pyrethroids of different volatility in the German cockroach Blattella germanica (Linnaeus, 1767). Male cockroaches were spatially repelled when they were exposed to d-allethrin vapors and vapothrin vapors in a dose-dependent manner. No repellency was observed when insects were exposed to permethrin, a non-volatile pyrethroid. To confirm the role of olfaction in this phenomenon, we measured the electrical activity of the cockroaches’ antennae in response to these insecticides. There was a significant increase in the electrical activity in response to d-allethrin and vapothrin, but no increase was observed in insects exposed to permethrin. Locomotor activity of cockroaches exposed to pyrethroids was measured in order to discard excito-repellency. No changes in locomotor activity were observed for any of the insecticides. Finally, we found that volatile pyrethroids in the vapor phase cause spatial repellency in cockroaches, being the first report of an olfactory-mediated repellency phenomenon caused by pyrethroids in cockroaches.Fil: Boné, Emiliano. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental; ArgentinaFil: Gonzalez Audino, Paola Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas para la Defensa. Centro de Investigación de Plagas e Insecticidas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa. Ministerio de Defensa. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa; ArgentinaFil: Sfara, Valeria. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental; Argentin

The Response of Susceptible and Pyrethroid-Resistant Blattella germanica (Dyctioptera: Blattellidae) to Shelter-Associated Cues

In this work, it was studied the role of faeces in the location and permanence in a shelter in susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant individuals of Blattella germanica (Linnaeus 1767). Additionally, the effect of different concentrations of palmiticacid on the modulation of these behaviours was tested. A shelter constituted by a square cardboard structure was offered tosusceptible as well as to resistant specimens. The shelter bases were treated with faecal extracts obtained from susceptibleor resistant cockroaches, or with solutions of palmitic acid. The behaviour of susceptible as well as resistant specimens wasanalysed using infrared videography software. Susceptible’s faecal extract attracted both specimens since the time spent bycockroaches to locate the treated shelters was lower, whereas the faecal extract from resistant insects did not elicit any effecton both strains. Faecal extracts showed an arrestant effect on both strains, suggested by the time spent inside the shelter thatwas significantly higher in their presence. On the other hand, treatment with palmitic acid produced an attractant or a repel-lent effect depending on the concentration and strain. The tested lower concentration was attractant to susceptible insects, butdid not produce any effect on resistant ones. In addition, the higher concentrations did not produce any effect on susceptibleindividuals, but resulted repellent for resistant ones. Palmitic acid did not produce an arrestant effect on the strains as therewas not an increase in time spent inside the shelter in the presence of this substance. An increase in the number of visits tothe shelter and to the periphery was also observed in shelters treated with the faecal extract and with the lower concentrationof palmitic acid. These results show that compounds of the susceptible faeces were attractant to cockroaches of both strains,while faecal extracts from resistant insects were not. Moreover, a dual effect of palmitic acid was observed, being attractantat low concentrations and repellent as concentration increased. Additionally, a difference in the concentration threshold atwhich the effect of this substance changes was observed between strains.Fil: Boné, Emiliano. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental; ArgentinaFil: Gonzalez Audino, Paola Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa. Ministerio de Defensa. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa; ArgentinaFil: Sfara, Valeria. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental; Argentin

Feeding Behaviour of a Pyrethroid-Resistant Strain of the German Cockroach Blattella germanica (Linnaeus, 1767)

Many authors report biological differences among insecticide-resistant pest species, mainly associated with parameters of life history, but only a few studies approach differences at the behavioural level. Feeding behaviour in Blattella germanica (L.) is modulated by the detection of chemical volatiles emitted from food sources in order to be located a long-median distance, and also by the physicochemical properties of food. This work aimed to study the differences in the feeding behaviour of a susceptible and a pyrethroid-resistant strain of B. germanica, in the location and exploitation of a food source. Resistant males showed a lower performance in the feeding behaviour compared to susceptible males. Particularly, the time taken to locate the source was significantly higher in the resistant individuals, suggesting a lower capacity in the detection of food odours. In addition, although the Intake rate was negatively related to the stiffness of food for both strains, resistant individuals showed a lower intake rate compared to susceptible ones, when exploiting a food source of the same stiffness. In a control context, the phenotypic characteristics associated to feeding of pyrethroid-resistant individuals could induce a behavioural resistance mechanism caused by a reduction in the amount of toxic gel bait ingested. If that is the case, resistance of this strain would not be associated to physiological changes affecting the toxicity of the active principle of gel baits, but to a lower efficacy of these products against resistant individuals due to less amount of gel consumed, generating control problems of this pest.Fil: Boné, Emiliano. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental; ArgentinaFil: Araoz, Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Tecnologías Emergentes y Ciencias Aplicadas. - Universidad Nacional de San Martin. Instituto de Tecnologías Emergentes y Ciencias Aplicadas; ArgentinaFil: Gonzalez Audino, Paola Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa. Ministerio de Defensa. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo Estratégico para la Defensa; ArgentinaFil: Sfara, Valeria. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental; Argentin

Characterization of the pyrethroid resistance mechanisms in a Blattella germanica (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) strain from Buenos Aires (Argentina)

The use of chemical insecticides is the main control method for Blattella germanica worldwide. The prolonged and frequent use of insecticides produced the selection of insecticide-resistant individuals. The German cockroach is one of the most widespread urban pests in Argentina. In the last decades, resistance monitoring studies in this country demonstrated that there is a high prevalence of pyrethroid-resistant populations of B. germanica in the field. In this work, we studied the resistance mechanisms of a field-collected strain of B. germanica at toxicological, enzymatic, and molecular levels. A resistance ratio of 100 was obtained for the resistant strain when it was exposed to β-cypermethrin. The pretreatment with specific synergists (piperonyl butoxide and triphenyl phosphate) led to a significant increase in the toxicity of the pyrethroid, suggesting an involvement of oxidases and esterases in the detoxification of this insecticide. Moreover, esterase and oxidase activities in the resistant strain were 1.5-fold and 2-fold higher respectively, compared to the susceptible individuals. On the other hand, the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of the resistant cockroaches did not show nucleotidic substitutions in the domain II which are associated to knockdown resistance in this species. These results suggest that the main mechanism of resistance of the studied cockroaches' strain is metabolic, mainly due to an increase in the activity of oxidase and esterase enzymes. The results of this work in addition to other reports found in literature show that the extended use of a single active principle for cockroach control promotes the development of resistance leading to control failure in the field. In contrast, integrated pest management strategies include the use of different control tools in addition to chemical insecticides, which delay the appearance of resistance increasing the efficacy of pest control.Fil: Boné, Emiliano. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental; ArgentinaFil: Roca Acevedo, Gonzalo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas para la Defensa. Centro de Investigación de Plagas e Insecticidas; ArgentinaFil: Sterkel, Marcos. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Centro Regional de Estudios Genómicos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Ons, Sheila. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Centro Regional de Estudios Genómicos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Gonzalez Audino, Paola Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas para la Defensa. Centro de Investigación de Plagas e Insecticidas; ArgentinaFil: Sfara, Valeria. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentin

Il Senso della tecnica. Saggi su Bachelard

Quando i filosofi sono divenuti consapevoli degli interrogativi posti dalla tecnica? Piuttosto tardi, si direbbe. L\u2019\uc9cole Polytechnique, l\u2019istituzione pubblica dedicata alla formazione degli ingegneri in Francia, apre i battenti nel 1794; il telaio Jacquard, che segna la convergenza tecnologica tra meccanica di precisione, scheda perforata e macchina a vapore, data 1801; il movimento luddista contro le macchine esordisce nel 1811. Dobbiamo attendere il 1857 perch\ue9 Karl Marx scriva l\u2019ormai celebre \u201cframmento sulle macchine\u201d dei Grundrisse, peraltro rimasto a lungo inedito. Anche la legge di caduta tendenziale del saggio di profitto si pubblica, postuma, nel 1894. Ci volle del tempo perch\ue9 la filosofia avvertisse che la rivoluzione industriale stava cambiando il sapere, la societ\ue0, la cultura. Solo allora la tecnica diviene oggetto delle preoccupazioni di grandi filosofi come Martin Heidegger. Bisogna attendere l\u2019opera di Gaston Bachelard perch\ue9 la filosofia cessi di demonizzare la tecnica, riflettendo su di essa in maniera laica, per indagare il suo ruolo nello sviluppo del sapere. Con Bachelard, il compito dello scienziato in laboratorio diviene quello di inventare la natura. L\u2019invenzione non \ue8 senza regole: la metafisica tradizionale in Bachelard \ue8 sostituita dalla matematica, disciplina di carattere formale in grado di riportare a unit\ue0 le diverse regioni del pensiero scientifico, che all\u2019epoca sua parevano divergere fatalmente: teoria della relativit\ue0, meccanica quantistica, chimica, psicoanalisi \u2026 Un\u2019unit\ue0 che \ue8 ad ogni modo sempre auspicata e ricercata; mai garantita per costruzione. In ci\uf2 l\u2019originalit\ue0 di Bachelard rispetto a Husserl, che cercava la disciplina unificante nella logica trascendentale, o nei confronti della glossematica di Hjelmslev, lo schema formale della teoria linguistica che avrebbe influenzato lo strutturalismo nei decenni a venire. D\u2019Aurizio-Palombi e Galofaro discutono nei rispettivi saggi il rapporto Bachelard-Husserl, tra continuit\ue0 e originalit\ue0: Bachelard riprende temi e strumenti da Husserl, come la nozione di ontologia regionale, trasfigurandoli con intenti diversi e toni talvolta polemici, senza che ci\uf2 comporti necessariamente una irriconciliabilit\ue0 tra fenomenologia e fenomenotecnica. Il primo tra i due saggi riprende, molto opportunamente, la nozione di psicoanalisi, termine che in Bachelard acquista un\u2019importanza decisiva: gli permette di trovare una posizione irriducibile alla polemica tra \u201cpsicologisti\u201d e \u201cantipsicologisti\u201d che aveva diviso la generazione precedente. Per comprendere l\u2019importanza di questo ingresso della psicoanalisi nella riflessione filosofica potremmo ricordare Lacan, oppure Foucault, per il quale lo strutturalismo fa valere l\u2019anti-scienza psicoanalitica contro la psicologia, scienza positivista. Accanto a Husserl oggi \ue8 possibile ricostruire altri interessi di Bachelard, gettando nuova luce su aspetti del suo pensiero finora trascurati. La recentissima la pubblicazione di saggi e opere rimaste a lungo inedite evidenzia i suoi debiti nei confronti di filosofi come Spinoza. Cos\uec, Ienna e Castelli-Gattinara possono spostare l\u2019attenzione dalla nozione di fenomenotecnica, che Bachelard conia in opposizione alla fenomenologia - all\u2019interessante e originale ontologia che ad essa \ue8 immanente. In questo modo divengono possibili comparazioni con filosofi in apparenza molto lontani, quali Heidegger. In maniera simile, la riedizione, a 85 anni di distanza, de La valeur inductive de la relativit\ue9, permette a Charles Alunni di sfatare il luogo comune di una ambivalenza, di una indecisione nel pensiero del giovane Bachelard, che permise solo ad alcune delle sue opere di venire ripubblicate. Per venire agli esiti della filosofia bachelardiana, nel volume si \ue8 rimarcata la sua importanza per una generazione di autori come Canguilhem - per il quale si veda l\u2019imponente ricostruzione di Emiliano Sfara - o Greimas, in discipline come la filosofia della scienza, la critica letteraria, la semiotica. L\u2019attualit\ue0 delle posizioni di Bachelard fa s\uec che esso sia ben presente nell\u2019opera di autori contemporanei come Ian Hacking, come ricostruisce bene Matteo Vegelli, oppure Simondon, come rimarcato da Bontems e Guy, i quali propongono anche un interessante caso-studio di filosofia applicata in cui la fenomenotecnica gioca un ruolo importante. Altri debiti importanti della cultura nei confronti di Bachelard ci vengono raccontati da Paolo Fabbri nella interessante intervista che ricostruisce il clima di un\u2019epoca, da Barthes a Zilberberg, da Kristeva a Michel Serres, da Greimas a Latour, riscoprendo proposte bachelardiane come quella di ritmanalisi. Queste letture rinfrescano l\u2019immagine di Bachelard diffusa nell\u2019ambito degli studi letterari, ai quali egli si dedic\uf2 nella seconda parte della propria vita apportando innovazioni decisive attraverso la sua personale visione della psicoanalisi. Bachelard innov\uf2 il punto di vista sul poetico e costitu\uec una lettura imprescindibile per una generazione di autori. Egli non fu mai uno specialista, tutto intento a interrogarsi su questioni specifiche, come si usa oggi nella filosofia anglosassone; fu un filosofo completo, intento a indagare la cultura nel suo complesso rapporto con la natura. Non \ue8 veramente possibile trarre un confine tra un \u201cprimo Bachelard\u201d, interessato all\u2019epistemologia, e un \u201csecondo Bachelard\u201d, che si occupa di letteratura. Al contrario, Le rationalisme appliqu\ue9 descrive l\u2019assiologia dell\u2019empirismo naturalista del XVIII secolo come una associazione tra aria, acqua, fuoco: \ue8 senz\u2019altro questa la base delle ricerche ulteriori di Bachelard sul poetico. Noto \ue8 il debito che Greimas dichiara nei confronti di queste analisi di Bachelard a partire dalla sua prima grande opera, Semantica strutturale, cos\uec come per la sua nozione di figurativit\ue0, indagata da Bertetti. Il pregio del suo saggio \ue8 la ricerca di affinit\ue0 meno note e pi\uf9 fondamentali tra Bachelard e Greimas, che riguardano la nozione stessa di scientificit\ue0. Pensiamo che la terminologia dia ragione a Bertetti: ad esempio, secondo Bachelard, quelle del naturalismo sono cosmologie, e \u201ccosmologia\u201d \ue8 per Greimas l\u2019opera di messa in forma che ciascuna lingua opera nei confronti del mondo naturale. Bachelard sottolinea la natura discorsiva dell\u2019ontologia attraverso cui l\u2019essere, progressivamente, si consolida: le idee non sono che programmi nell\u2019ambito di un pensiero procedurale: allo stesso modo, in Greimas la semantica fondamentale \ue8 investita in programmi narrativi e poi in una programmazione spaziale e temporale del racconto. Infine - \ue8 il tema del lavoro di Galofaro - molte analogie tra i due si spiegano ricostruendo la comune temperie epistemologica che avvicina le preoccupazioni di Hjelmslev e Bachelard, considerando l\u2019importanza che Husserl ebbe sul pensiero di entrambi. Bertetti, si concentra sulla nozione di immagine, ricostruendone con acribia la genesi e sottolineandone caratteristiche importanti, quali la densit\ue0, che si rivelano fondamentali per l\u2019attualit\ue0 della riflessione semiotica: cos\uec in Marsciani l\u2019immagine diviene punto di partenza per discutere la nozione di intersoggettivit\ue0 che caratterizza l\u2019ultimo Husserl: un\u2019originale riconciliazione tra Husserl e Bachelard. L\u2019immagine poetica permette alla semiotica contemporanea di riflettere sul mondo come luogo da cui emerge una garanzia di significazione, condizione di validit\ue0 che costituisce quei soggetti che ne colgono il senso; un\u2019istanza che \ue8 condizione di possibilit\ue0 del mondo pur facendone parte, nascondendosi nelle sue pieghe. Di tutto ci\uf2 discutono gli autori riuniti in questo volume, nella speranza che esso costituisca l\u2019apertura di un dibattito cui il pensiero di Bachelard si presta bene: secondo la felice espressione di Castelli-Gattinara, Bachelard \ue8 un autore coerentemente pluralista. Le opere di Bachelard sull\u2019epistemologia sono state considerate una critica al vetriolo contro ogni tentazione filosofica di proporre un pensiero totalitario. Non vi \ue8 un fondamento ultimo del sapere scientifico; l\u2019attivit\ue0 dello scienziato consiste nell\u2019opporsi a convinzioni consolidate istituendo un sapere del tutto provvisorio. Come scriveva Giuseppe Sertoli nel suo Le immagini e la realt\ue0: saggio su Gaston Bachelard: l\u2019infinito movimento di approssimazione e rettifica nel quale consiste la scienza, non riguarda solo la nostra idea di realt\ue0: riguarda altres\uec la nostra idea di ragione. La realt\ue0 non \ue8 pi\uf9 che una serie di costruzioni approssimate, di funzioni probabilistiche, di invarianze statistiche, perch\ue9 la ragione non \ue8 pi\uf9 che una serie di strumenti di volta in volta corretti, un \uabapparecchio\ubb i cui meccanismi vengono quasi giornalmente sostituiti. Bachelard ricopre il ruolo di antidoto intelligente rispetto alle semplificazioni di un certo realismo ingenuo, incline a pensare che la realt\ue0 sia l\ue0 fuori, prima di ogni possibile relazione che l\u2019umano instaura con essa. I filosofi che credono questo, ammonisce Bachelard, si limitano a postulare ci\uf2 che non possono dimostrare; non rendono un buon servizio alla scienza, la quale \ue8 caratterizzata da una ricerca, inesausta e inesauribile, del reale