The genetic diversity of Drosophila flies based on cytochrome-c oxidase subunit 1 gene from North Sulawesi

Background: Drosophila sp. is a fruit fly species that can spread quickly worldwide. A short life cycle, small body size, and fast adaptation to new habitats allow fruit flies to live in various parts of the world. This study characterized the genetic variation of the cytochrome oxidase c subunit  (CO1) gene in Drosophila species from different North Sulawesi regions.Methods: Fruit fly samples were collected from six districts: Central Minahasa, Southeast Minahasa, South Minahasa, North Minahasa, Bolaang Mongondow, and Sitaro. DNA extracted from thoracic tissue The COI gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced by the Sanger method. Sequence characterization using BioEdit and MEGA XI programs.Result: The results showed that the consensus CO1 gene sequence length was 688 bp to 700 bp. Divergent evolution based on disparity analysis showed CO1 Bolaang had the farthest sequence characteristic differences from the other five CO1 genes in North Sulawesi. Genetic distance analysis showed that Bolaang's gene sequence has the farthest genetic distance. CO1 gene consensus alignment analysis with ClustalW showed high genetic variation. The phylogenetic construction showed that CO1 Bolaang had the most significant differences in sequence characteristics from the other five sequences in a monophyletic group with different nodes. Phylogenic reconstruction with the 21 most similar sequences from BLAST showed similarities in the four Drosophila species, namely D. atriplex, D. melanogaster, D. lacteicornis, and D. pandora.Conclusion: Based on the CO1 gene, there are significant variations in fruit flies in North Sulawesi

The Potential of Herbal Plant Extracts Native to South Minahasa as Traditional Coconut Oil Anti rancid Agents

Cooking oil is often quickly becoming rancid, changing its taste and smell. Rancidity in cooking oil occurs because of the oxidation process, fat oxidation in the diet can lead to negative impacts on human health. The aim of this research were to get the plant extracts, to identify its secondary metabolites composition and to examine the potential antirancid on coconut oil made traditionally by the Minahasan, a tribe in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. The research was carried out in three stages namely extraction of plants, analysis of secondary metabolite content, application extracts on coconut oil and coconut oil quality analysis. Parameters analysis of coconut oil quality were the number of the peroxide content, free fatty acids and antioxidant activity. The result showed that all plant extracts were composed by phytochemicals namely alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, streroid and triterpenoid. The composition of steroid and triterpenoid was highly found in the seeds of Pangi (local name). Highly intensity  alkaloids was found in Serei (local name) leaf extracts as well as in Pangi seeds while the the highest content of flavonoid was found in Pandan leaf extract. On the third day after the treatment, the average content of a lowest peroxide number on coconut oil provided by Pangi seed extract was 5 g in 40 ml of oil (b/v). While the highest number of peroxide content shown on the coconut oil given by Serei extract was 5 g in 40 ml of oil (b/v). Pangi seed extract possesed free fatty acids content lower than in extracts of Pandan leaf and Serei leaf by comparison. Pangi seed extract also showed a better antioxidant activity than Serei and Pandan leaf extracts. Keywords: serei leaf, pangi seed, pandan leaf, antioxidant, antiranci

Density of The Crested Black Macaque (Macaca nigra) and Habitat Quality in Tangkoko, Bitung, North Sulawesi

The Crested black macaque (Macaca nigra) is an endemic species to the Sulawesi Island, limited distribution, and Critically Endangered on the IUCN red list. The population density in the Tangkoko Conservation Forest Management Unit (CFMU) has decreased significantly due to habitat destruction and hunting. Existing data are based on the study in the northern part of Tangkoko. Currently, data from the southern is urgently needed so that population data covers the entire area, including to identify the habitat quality. The aims of this study was to (1) analyze the population density level of Crested black macaque at the Tangkoko CFMU, (2) identify the habitat characterize of Crested black macaque at the Tangkoko CFMU, (3) analyze the correlation between Crested black macaque density and habitat quality at the Tangkoko CFMU. The study was conducted from January to March 2020 in the sothern of Tangkoko CFMU, North Sulawesi. The data collection on the density of Crested black macaque is done by animals directly inventorying through surveys in the field. Observations are carried out by walking at speeds of 1 - 1.5 km / h on each track and stopping at every 100 m to observe the surroundings. Data recorded is the number of individuals found using the line transect method. Vegetation data collection method used is habitat quality data collection carried out by making sample plots measuring 25 m x 25 m for tree level observations in lines with each distance between plots is 250 m. Data recorded for dominance of vegetation are species names, number of individuals, and diameter at breast height of trees. The results showed that (1) the population density level of Crested black macaque was 15 individuals/km2. The highest amount of density is found on the D4 was 72 individu/km2, the lowest on D1, D5, D6, and D7 with no macaques; (2) vegetation analyzed at 45 plots were important value index with the highest value of 86,95 is Ficus variegata on line D7 for tree level, and Theobroma cacao for pole level with highest value of 120,80 on line D4; (3) the correlation between density of Crested black macaque and habitat quality that shows a positive value based on the Pearson correlation test. Further research is needed to determine the relationship between population density, habitat disturbance, and hunting pressure

Mosquito Repellent Bioactivity Combination Extract Of Nutmeg Leaf (Myrisctica fragrans Houtt), Lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus L.) and Apis dorsata Binghami Nests

Nutmeg leaf, lemongrass, and bee nests contain bioactive compounds that have potential as mosquito repellents. The purpose of this study was to learn about the bioactivity of a combination extract of nutmeg leaf, lemongrass, and bee nests, as well as to determine the efficient mosquito repellent lotion recipe from a combination of nutmeg leaf, lemongrass, and bee nests extract. The maceration process was used for extraction. Total flavonoid content was estimated by comparing it to the flavonoid quercetin. The absorbance value was measured with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The concentration of the extract combination in the lotion used was 0%, 2.5%, 5% and 10%. The total flavonoid concentration was found to be 16.67 mgQE/g. The 2.5% formula lotion has a protective power of 22%, the 5% formula lotion has a power of 62.96%, and the 10% formula lotion has a power of 82.41%. From these results, it can be seen that a formula with a concentration of nutmeg leaf, lemongrass, and bee nests as much as 10% can be the most effective mosquito repellent. The outcomes of this study are expected to help the community select environmentally friendly and safe insect repellents

DEVELOPMENT OF ANTI MOSQUITO LOTION MADE FROM CLOVE (SYSYGIUM AROMATICUM), LANGUSEI (FICUS MINAHASSAE), AND APIS DORSATA BINGHAMI HONEYCOMB PLANTS

Mosquitoes are the main insect vectors that cause various tropical diseases, including malaria, filariasis, and various viral diseases, such as dengue fever. Indonesia is a country with a tropical climate whose environmental characteristics are very supportive of mosquito breeding. Mosquitoes are infectious vectors that must be controlled. Efforts to control mosquito vectors include using repellents. Repellent is a chemical that can keep insects away so that insect bites can be avoided. This research aims to determine the formula for anti-mosquito lotion made from cloves, langusei, and beehives and to determine the results of organoleptic, physical tests, and the strength of repellent anti-mosquito lotion made from cloves, langusei, and beehives. The method used in this type of research is the laboratory experimental method. The samples used in this research were clove leaves, langusei, and honeycomb. The analyses carried out were organoleptic tests, pH tests, homogeneity tests, and protection power tests. The lotion, with the addition of clove, langusei, and honey bee hive plant extracts, meets the organoleptic test, test requirements for physical quality and repellent lotion strength, namely having a smooth and soft lotion mass, the color and aroma of the lotion is typical of a mixture of clove, langusei, and honey bee hive plants. The results of the study showed that from variations in the concentration of cloveleaf extract, langusei, and honey bee nest (0%, 0.25%, 5%, 10%), the best results were formula IV, namely with a concentration of 10% which had the best physical properties, safe to use and the most effective protective power to repel mosquitoes

Biology learning resources-based research of morphology insects in Lake Tondano

Water hyacinth is a habitat for various types of insects in Lake Tondano. Insects that live in association with water hyacinth can be developed as a medium for learning biology. The biological characteristics of insects from Lake Tondano were developed into learning media to stimulate students' interest in learning. Students in this study are very familiar with Lake Tondano because it is a place for playing and recreation. This study aims to characterize the morphology, anatomy, and ecology of insects that live in association with water hyacinth in Lake Tondano. The method applied in this research is the research and development method of the 4D model. This research was carried out in two stages: the analysis of insects' biological characteristics in Lake Tondano and the development of biological learning media resources on Kingdom Animalia High School material. The results showed that the audiovisual learning media based on the analysis of media experts was in the high category (85.85%), material expert analysis was included in the high category (88.88%). Furthermore, the assessment by the biology teacher was high (88.67%). The test results in a small group of students, the feasibility response was high (86.2%). Based on the results of this study, this learning media is feasible to be applied in biology learning in high school for Kingdom Animalia material. The use of local biodiversity for education is influential in motivating students' interest in learning

Application of Project Based Learning Insect Characteristics Around Lake Tondano in Entomology Course

The online learning policy was implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic in various countries around the world. Problems arise in learning biology that requires laboratory experiment activities. This research provides an innovation in entomology learning with a project-based learning method using insect biodiversity in the local ecosystem, namely Lake Tondano. This study aims to determine the ability of science process skills and student responses using the project-based learning method. Project-based learning is one of the methods established for the independent learning process to learn the independent curriculum. The research was conducted with an exploratory, descriptive research method. Science process skills and student project products are measured using a rubric. Student learning outcomes are measured using quiz questions with the google form application.Meanwhile, student responses were measured using a questionnaire. The study results showed that the science process skills of students who were taught using the Project-based learning method were in the good and very good categories. The resulting project output is a practical guide based on the assessment rubric which is in good and very good grades. Student responses regarding the application of Project based learning in entomology courses are in the agree and strongly agree categories. Student learning outcomes showed an average in the good and very good categories. The application of project-based learning can stimulate the ability of science processes and student learning outcomes in entomology courses. Project-based learning is very appropriate to be applied to fields of science that require a lot of experimental activities. Because it is carried out in small research groups, the project-based learning method is appropriate for learning during the COVID-19 pandemic

ANTIMALARIAL AND ANTIBACTERIAL BIOACTIVITY OF LANGSAT (Lansium minahasae L.) BARK EXTRACT

This research is focused to obtain the data of the phytochemical compounds class that is contained in langsatbark, obtain the data of malaria antiparasite activity of langsat bark extract in vitro, and obtain the data of langsatbark extract antibacterial activity. The plant sample is obtained from Minahasa and Southeast Minahasa. Bothwet and dry langsat bark extraction is conducted using maseration method. Phytochemical analysis usesHarborne and UV-Vis spectrophotometer method. The antimalarial activity analysis is conduted in vitro on P.falciparum culture, whereas the antibacterial activity uses diffusion method. The research result shows that dryLangsat bark extracts (KBLK) that are from Minahasa (KBLKMI) and Southeast Minahasa (KBLKMT) have %highest extract yield, compared with the wet Langsat bark extract (KBLB). The highest extract yield KLBKMTpercentage is 5.78% and the lowest is n-butanol:water fraction, that is 0,663%. The thouroughly detectedcontents of phytochemical classes (alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, triterpenoids, anthocyaninand quinone) is found on the KLBK extract. The highest intencity is found on KLBKMT. The strongestantimalarial activity in the 1000 erythrocyte that is infected by plasmodium, stated with LC50, is found onKLBKMT extract, i.e. 57056,1 ?g/ml and the weakest is KLBBMT extract, i.e. 80813,8 ?g/ml. The strongestantibacterial activity is stated with the diameter of formed inhibition zone is KLBKMT extract, that its average is12.5 mm in all experiment isolates.Keywords: bark, Lansium minahasae L., antimalarial, antibacteria

DEVELOPMENT OF AN ANTI-MOSQUITO SPRAY GEL FORMULATION FOR A COMBINATION OF MARIGOLD FLOWERS (TAGETES ERECTA L.) AND CHRYSANTHEUM FLOWERS (CHRYSANTHEMUM INDICIUM L.)

Mosquitoes are vectors of infectious diseases that must be controlled. One of the efforts to control mosquito vectors is by using anti-mosquito products, including anti-mosquito gel spray. Most anti-mosquito products are composed of chemicals that are harmful to health and the environment, so alternative anti-mosquito products made from natural ingredients are needed. The aim of this research is to determine an effective anti-mosquito gel spray formula from a combination of marigold flowers and chrysanthemum flowers. This research uses experimental methods to find the most effective gel spray formulation from different percentages of marigold and chrysanthemum flowers. The variations used are 0%, 2.5%, 5% and 10%. Tests were carried out using 30 adult female mosquitoes. The results obtained through the extraction of marigold flowers showed a yield of 8.922% and a yield of chrysanthemum flowers of 4.560%. The organoleptic test carried out on 10 panelists showed that on average the panelists thought they liked (in the range 4-5) their preference for color and aroma. , texture and reaction after 10 minutes of using the gel spray. The pH test showed that the four gel spray formulas had a pH of 6 or neutral. The results of the homogeneity test carried out with a glass object showed that the four gel spray formulas were homogeneous. The protective power of the 2.5% gel spray formula is 18.01%; gel spray formula 5% is 66.29% and gel spray formula 10% is 88.61%. From these results, it can be seen that a formula with a concentration of marigold and chrysanthemum flower extracts of 10% can be the most effective anti-mosquito gel spray. It is hoped that the results of this research will be useful for society in terms of using mosquito repellent that is environmentally friendly and safe for health