36 research outputs found

    Experimental auctions, collective induction and choice shift: willingness-to-pay for rice quality in Senegal

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    We propose a collective induction treatment as an aggregator of information and preferences, which enables testing whether consumer preferences for food quality elicited through experimental auctions are robust to aggregation. We develop a two-stage estimation method based on social judgement scheme theory to identify the determinants of social influence in collective induction. Our method is tested in a market experiment aiming to assess consumers willingness-to-pay for rice quality in Senegal. No significant choice shift was observed after collective induction, which suggests that consumer preferences for rice quality are robust to aggregation. Almost three quarters of social influence captured by the model and the variables was explained by social status, market expertise and information

    Cancer de la prostate au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Aristidie Le Dantec de Dakar : aspects épidemiologiques sur les cinq dernières années: Prostate cancer in Aristide Le Dantec hospital of Dakar: epidemiological aspects over the last five years

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    Context and objective. Prostate cancer represents a major public health issue, but data from sub-Saharan Africa are scarce. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological aspects of prostate cancer during the last five years in Aristide Le Decantec hospital of Dakar. Methods. it’s a retrospective and descriptive study involving 5 last years including all patients with histologically confirmed prostate cancer. The studied parameters were: prevalence, incidence, age, clinical stage, lethality and death rate. Results. Two hundred and thirty-three patients were enrolled. The prevalence of prostate cancer during the study period was 0.8%. Depending on the stage, metastatic cancer was the most common form with 45.9% of cases. The new cases were 199 with an average of 39.8 per year. The total incidence of prostate cancer over the study period was 0.7%. The mean age of the patients at the diagnosis time was 68.6 ± 9.2 years. The lethality was 0.5%. The global death rate was 0.9 ‰. The specific death rate was 0.9‰. The annual mortality rate was higher in 2017 (36.4%) compared to other years. Depending on the stage, the death rate was higher in metastatic stages patients. Conclusion. The incidence of prostate cancer is increasing in our medical center. Metastatic forms remain more common with higher death rate. Early detection campaigns for prostate cancer should be considered. Contexte et objectif. Le cancer de la prostate reprĂ©sente un enjeu majeur de santĂ© publique et mais il reste très peu documentĂ© en Afrique subsaharienne. L’objectif de cette Ă©tude Ă©tait d’évaluer les aspects Ă©pidĂ©miologiques du cancer de la prostate sur les 5 dernières annĂ©es dans notre centre. MĂ©thodes. Il s’agissait d’une Ă©tude documentaire et descriptive sur 5 ans ayant colligĂ© les dossiers de tous les patients avec cancer de la prostate histologiquement confirmĂ©. Les paramètres Ă©tudiĂ©s Ă©taient : la prĂ©valence, l’incidence, l’âge, le stade clinique, la lĂ©talitĂ© et la mortalitĂ©. RĂ©sultats. Deux cent trente-trois patients ont Ă©tĂ© retenus. La prĂ©valence du cancer de la prostate durant la pĂ©riode Ă©tudiĂ©e Ă©tait de 0,8%. En fonction du stade, le stade de cancer mĂ©tastatique Ă©tait prĂ©pondĂ©rant (45,9%). Les nouveaux cas Ă©taient de 199, soit une moyenne de 39,8 nouveaux cas par an. L’incidence totale du cancer de la prostate sur la pĂ©riode Ă©tudiĂ©e Ă©tait de 0,7%. L’âge moyen des patients au moment du diagnostic Ă©tait de 68,6 ± 9,2 ans. Le taux lĂ©talitĂ© Ă©tait de 0,5%. La mortalitĂ© globale Ă©tait de 0,9‰. Le taux de mortalitĂ© annuelle Ă©tait plus important en 2017 (36,4%) en comparaison aux autres annĂ©es Ă©tudiĂ©es. En fonction du stade, le taux de mortalitĂ© Ă©tait plus important pour les stades mĂ©tastatiques. Conclusion. L’incidence du cancer de la prostate est en augmentation dans notre centre. Les formes mĂ©tastatiques restent prĂ©dominantes assombrissant le pronostic vital. Des campagnes de dĂ©pistage prĂ©coce du cancer de la prostate sont Ă  envisager

    Détermination du débit de filtration glomérulaire au cours de la drépanocytose au Sénégal: Schwartz, Cockcroft et Gault, MDRD, CKD-EPI ou JSCCS ?

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    La dĂ©termination du DĂ©bit de Filtration GlomĂ©rulaire (DFG) est importante chez les drĂ©panocytaires du fait qu’ils constituent un groupe de patients chez lesquels des atteintes rĂ©nales sont frĂ©quemment dĂ©crites notamment l’hyperfiltration glomĂ©rulaire. Dès lors, Ă  une Ă©poque oĂą les calculateurs en ligne proposent simultanĂ©ment diffĂ©rentes formules de dĂ©termination du DFG, il serait important d’évaluer au sein d’une population noire africaine drĂ©panocytaire l’équivalence entre ces formules qui ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©es et validĂ©es sur des populations caucasiennes et afro-amĂ©ricaines Ă  DFG normal ou diminuĂ©. Ainsi cette Ă©tude avait pour but d’évaluer l’interchangeabilitĂ© des diffĂ©rentes formules de dĂ©termination du DFG en les appliquant Ă  des drĂ©panocytaires. Des enfants et adultes sĂ©nĂ©galais drĂ©panocytaires homozygotes ont Ă©tĂ© alors recrutĂ©s et leur DFG calculĂ©. La frĂ©quence de l’hyperfiltration glomĂ©rulaire et celle de l’insuffisance rĂ©nale ont Ă©tĂ© calculĂ©es Ă  partir des rĂ©sultats obtenus avec les formules de Schwartz et du CKD-EPI. La concordance des diffĂ©rentes formules a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©e avec la mĂ©thode Bland-Altman. Au total 56 adultes et 62 enfants ont Ă©tĂ© inclus dans l’étude. L’insuffisance rĂ©nale a Ă©tĂ© notĂ©e chez 1,78% des adultes et 9,68% des enfants ; l’hyperfiltration glomĂ©rulaire chez 66,10% des adultes et 25,8% des enfants. Par rapport aux formules de rĂ©fĂ©rence (CKD-EPI, Schwartz), tous les biais relevĂ©s Ă©taient significativement diffĂ©rents de zĂ©ro Ă  l’exception de celui de Cockcroftet Gault qui Ă©tait statistiquement nul. Les limites de concordance Ă©taient toutes inacceptablement larges par rapport aux limites attendues Ă  l’exception de celles du CKD-EPI sans ajustement sur la race. Ainsi, la formule de Schwartz n’était pas interchangeable avec celle du JSCCS chez les enfants, tout comme celle du CKD-EPI ne l’était pas non plus avec celles du JSCCS, de Cockcroft, du MDRD ou du CKD-EPI sans ajustement sur la race chez les adultes drĂ©panocytaires.   English title: Determination of glomerular filtration rate in sickle cell disease in Senegal: Schwartz, Cockcroft and Gault, MDRD, CKD-EPI or JSCCS? Determination of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is important in patients living with sickle cell disease (SCD) because they constitute a group of patients where kidney dysfunction is frequently described, in particular glomerular hyperfiltration. Therefore, at a time when online calculators simultaneously propose different formulas to estimate GFR, it would be important to evaluate in a black African population living with SCD the equivalence between these formulas which have been developed and validated on Caucasian and African American populations with normal or decreased GFR. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate interchangeability of different GFR formulas in a group of patients living with SCD. Homozygous Senegalese sickle cell children and adults were then recruited and their GFR computed using Schwartz and JSCCS in children, Cockcroft and Gault, CKD-EPI with and without adjustment for ethnicity, MDRD and JSCCS formulas in adults. The frequency of glomerular hyperfiltration and renal failure was computed based on the results generated using Schwartz and CKD-EPI formulas. The agreement between formulas was assessed with BlandAltman method. A total of 56 adults and 62 children were included in this study. Renal failure was observed in 1.78% of adults and 9.68% of children; glomerular hyperfiltration in 66.10% of adults and 25.8% of children. Compared with reference formulas (CKD-EPI, Schwartz), all biases found were significantly different from zero except for Cockcroft and Gault formula bias, which was statistically zero. The limits of agreement were all unacceptably wide compared with the expected limits with the exception of CKD-EPI without adjustment for ethnicity. Thus, Schwartz formula would not be interchangeable with JSCCS formula in children, nor was the CKD-EPI formula interchangeable with the JSCCS, Cockcroft and Gault, MDRD or CKD-EPI without adjustment for ethnicity formulas in adults living with sickle cell anemia

    Apprendre Ă  innover dans un monde incertain

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    L’agriculture est aujourd’hui interpellée par la société, qui exige bien plus qu’une simple production alimentaire : aliments de qualité, services environnementaux, insertion de populations marginalisées, revitalisation des territoires ruraux, habitabilité des milieux urbains, développement de productions énergétiques… Cette ouverture des futurs agricoles incite les acteurs ruraux à expérimenter de nouveaux systèmes de production et valorisation, faisant ainsi preuve de créativité et d’obstination pour exister face aux modèles de développement dominants. Parallèlement, ces modèles dominants fondés sur la production de masse à moindre coût continuent à s’étendre, avec les promesses d’un futur basé sur les technologies vertes. Ces évolutions posent des questions. Quel type de développement durable les sociétés veulent-elles ? Comment choisir les innovations qui leur permettront d’y parvenir ? Quels rôles peuvent jouer la recherche et les politiques publiques pour favoriser l’émergence de ces innovations ? Au-delà de l’analyse des options techniques, cet ouvrage s’intéresse aux innovations sociales et institutionnelles. Il démontre que l’innovation est le résultat d’une confrontation entre des visions portées par des acteurs aux intérêts parfois divergents. Il n’y a pas de chemin unique vers un développement durable, il faut à la fois encourager l’émergence et la coexistence de différents modes d’agriculture et de systèmes alimentaires. Le succès ne dépendra pas uniquement de notre capacité à repenser les modèles existants mais également de notre volonté à nous engager dans un processus d’apprentissage dont nous sortirons forcément transformés

    Nourrir sans détruire avec des systèmes alimentaires territorialisés durables : le cas de l’espace Afrique-Europe

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    International audienceAfter four technological and organizational transitions in 400,000 years, humanity is in search of sustainable and shared food security. Indeed, the heavy negative externalities of the agro-industrial system that has become hegemonic in 150 years encourage us to rebuild food systems from a socio-ecological point of view. Based on a synthesis of different forecasts, the authors present the alternative scenario of “Sustainable Territorialized Food Systems” (STFS) based on the extended quality of products, territorial autonomy, proximity and solidarity. Such a scenario would induce profound changes in the countries of the North and the South with contextualized trajectories. In Europe, this is a trend break. In Africa, the weak significance of the agro-industrial model suggests a direct orientation towards STFSs, without going through this agro-industrial model. Based on theoretical and empirical considerations, four recommendations are made for public and private decision makers: strategic planning, risk prevention through the “One Health” concept, redeployment of the knowledge chain, reconfiguration of agri-food value chains and governance design.Après quatre transitions technologiques et organisationnelles en 400 000 ans, l’humanité est en quête d’une sécurité alimentaire durable et partagée. En effet, les lourdes externalités négatives du système agro-industriel devenu hégémonique en 150 ans incitent à reconstruire les systèmes alimentaires dans une perspective socio-écologique. Sur la base d’une synthèse de diverses prospectives, les auteurs présentent le scénario alternatif de « systèmes alimentaires territorialisés durables » (SATD) fondés sur la qualité élargie des produits, l’autonomie territoriale, la proximité et la solidarité. Un tel scénario induirait de profonds changements dans les pays du Nord et du Sud, avec des trajectoires contextualisées. Pour l’Europe, il s’agit d’une rupture de tendance. En Afrique, la faible prégnance du modèle agro-industriel suggère une orientation directe vers des SATD, sans passer par ce modèle agro-industriel. À partir de considérations théoriques et empiriques, quatre préconisations sont faites à l’intention des décideurs publics et privés : planification stratégique, prévention des risques par le concept « une seule santé », redéploiement de la chaîne des savoirs, reconfiguration des filières agro-alimentaires et de leurs modes de gouvernance

    Assessing the effect of consumer purchasing criteria for types of rice in Togo A choice modeling approach

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    Many reports on consumer preference in West Africa indicate that consumers prefer imported rice to locally produced rice due to the inferior grain quality of the latter. Complementing these reports, this study was undertaken to provide valuable information to researchers and policy makers on consumer criteria for selecting alternative types of rice in Togo. Using a multiple correspondence analysis on 336 respondents in 15 prefectures in Togo, the results highlighted the features cleanness, whiteness and taste as the first, second and third purchasing criteria respectively for non-parboiled imported rice while the choice of non-parboiled local rice was based on taste, swelling capacity and, again, taste as the first, second and third selection criteria, respectively. These results were reinforced by using a random utility model to perform the consumer utility analysis and their willingness-to-pay for the most important purchasing criteria of rice types. The results clearly showed that the surveyed consumers preferred non-parboiled imported rice to the non-parboiled local rice; the average utility of non-parboiled imported rice (2.198) was considerably greater than that estimated for non-parboiled local rice (-0.197) in the first purchasing criteria. To have the same level of utility provided by non-parboiled imported rice by consuming non-parboiled local rice, the surveyed consumers were willing to pay more for cleanness (231.2 FCFA/kg) and whiteness (263.5 FCFA/kg) in the first and second purchasing criteria categories, respectively. Although these results might have some limitations due to errors and inaccuracies in the consumer responses to the survey questionnaire, they do have implications for research and policy makers in Togo and the rest of West Africa

    Agricultural trade for food security in Africa: A Ricardian model approach

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    Regionalism and food security is a relatively neglected topic with very limited literature. We use a Ricardian trade model with multiple goods and countries which embeds a structure of gravity equation and yield variability. Our study shows that integration with African markets of staple foods is associated with higher growth, underpinning the need for growth strategies to emphasize scaling up and diversifying exports within Africa. Africa needs to unlock its high potential untapped land and fill up the yield gap. We found as well that enhanced competitiveness and reduced barriers to trade are the two critical areas of action

    Analysing policy-induced effects on the performance of irrigated rice

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    Improving local rice production capacity is a key element on the agenda of most countries in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU). There are several reasons for this drive: (1) the high levels of rice imports, which constitute a burden on the countries’ financial resources; (2) the relatively high contribution of the commodity to national food security programmes; (3) income generation for smallholder farm communities; and (4) the contribution of rice to the improvement of nutritional status. The policy analysis matrix approach was used to evaluate the policy-induced effects of the WAEMU common external tariffs on the performance of irrigated rice production systems in Niger. The results show that the irrigated rice production system receives little protection, and that retail rice marketing channels are even less protected. The negative net policy effects indicate that greater incentives are needed for enhanced system performance
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