Listening Instruction in College Reading Programs

The teaching of reading has been examined from various points of view and in great detail for many years, but a relative new comer to the literature related to reading is the field of listening instruction. Recent estimates suggest that at least 90% of all listening research has been done since 1952 (Taylor, 1969), and that it has been done at all age and grade levels. Much of it, however, has been devoted to studies with secondary school and adult populations, particularly at the community college —college levels

Identifying the Basic Elements of Critical Reading

A person undertaking a search of the existing literature on the topic of critical reading would notice immediately that there is a rather large number of articles and book chapters dealing with the topic. In reading a few of the articles it would also become apparent that there is little consensus regarding what critical reading is - the definitions range from a very narrow view such as Critical reading is recognizing biased writing to rather broad views such as Critical reading is the process of comprehending in its highest form. One other thing emerges clearly from the literature; critical reading is viewed as a valuable and important skill, but one which is being taught in an inadequate and limited way. In speculating about the causes of this inadequate success level in teaching critical reading, a number of possibilities come to mind. Some of these possibilities include the lack of agreement on what critical reading is, a hesitancy of some teachers or systems to deal with controversial issues, lack of training in the teaching of critical reading at the college pre-service level, or the fighting of educational brush fires at the lower comprehension levels (if a student doesn\u27t comprehend literally, can he read critically?) These and many other possibilities exist

A Meta-analysis of Studies on the Performance of the Crosswise Model

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Eye Tracking Metrics for Workload Estimation in Flight Deck Operation

Flight decks of the future are being enhanced through improved avionics that adapt to both aircraft and operator state. Eye tracking allows for non-invasive analysis of pilot eye movements, from which a set of metrics can be derived to effectively and reliably characterize workload. This research identifies eye tracking metrics that correlate to aircraft automation conditions, and identifies the correlation of pilot workload to the same automation conditions. Saccade length was used as an indirect index of pilot workload: Pilots in the fully automated condition were observed to have on average, larger saccadic movements in contrast to the guidance and manual flight conditions. The data set itself also provides a general model of human eye movement behavior and so ostensibly visual attention distribution in the cockpit for approach to land tasks with various levels of automation, by means of the same metrics used for workload algorithm development

Modeling Pilot Behavior for Assessing Integrated Alert and Notification Systems on Flight Decks

Numerous new flight deck configurations for caution, warning, and alerts can be conceived; yet testing them with human-in-the-Ioop experiments to evaluate each one would not be practical. New sensors, instruments, and displays are being put into cockpits every day and this is particularly true as we enter the dawn of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen). By modeling pilot behavior in a computer simulation, an unlimited number of unique caution, warning, and alert configurations can be evaluated 24/7 by a computer. These computer simulations can then identify the most promising candidate formats to further evaluate in higher fidelity, but more costly, Human-in-the-Ioop (HITL) simulations. Evaluations using batch simulations with human performance models saves time, money, and enables a broader consideration of possible caution, warning, and alerting configurations for future flight decks

Development of a Human Motor Model for the Evaluation of an Integrated Alerting and Notification Flight Deck System

A human motor model was developed on the basis of performance data that was collected in a flight simulator. The motor model is under consideration as one component of a virtual pilot model for the evaluation of NextGen crew alerting and notification systems in flight decks. This model may be used in a digital Monte Carlo simulation to compare flight deck layout design alternatives. The virtual pilot model is being developed as part of a NASA project to evaluate multiple crews alerting and notification flight deck configurations. Model parameters were derived from empirical distributions of pilot data collected in a flight simulator experiment. The goal of this model is to simulate pilot motor performance in the approach-to-landing task. The unique challenges associated with modeling the complex dynamics of humans interacting with the cockpit environment are discussed, along with the current state and future direction of the model

A Look at the Future: Teachers in Non-Traditional Adult Reading Programs

Currently, the job market for those equipped to teach reading and reading related skills to older adolescents and adults in non-school settings is clearly changing and possibly expanding while the demand for teachers to teach only in traditional school-based settings is declining

A Comparison of Underlying Strategies for Improving Reading Comprehension and Retention

Much interest currently exists in topics related to the improvement of learning through such avenues as mathemagenic activities, and a considerable amount of research has been done recently in the area of visual cueing as a learning enhancement technique. This paper is restricted to a discussion of one visual cueing technique underlining and some implications arising from underlining research

The Human Dimension of Closing the Training Gap for Fifth-Generation Fighters

Based on a review of the recent technical literature there is little question that a serious training gap exists for fifth-generation fighters, primarily arising from the need to provide their own red-air. There are several methods for reducing this gap, including injecting virtual and constructive threats into the live cockpit. This live-virtual-constructive (LVC) training approach provides a cost effective means for addressing training needs but faces several challenges. Technical challenges include data links and information assurance. A more serious challenge may be the human factors dimension of representing virtual and constructive entities in the cockpit while ensuring safety-of-flight. This also needs to happen without increasing pilot workload. This paper discusses the methods Rockwell Collins and the University of Iowa's Operator Performance Lab use to assess pilot workload and training fidelity measures in an LVC training environment and the research we are conducting in safety-of-flight requirements of integrated LVC symbology

Correlation of passivity symptoms and dysfunctional visuomotor action monitoring in psychosis

Passivity experiences are hallmark symptoms of schizophrenia that can be characterized by the belief that one's thoughts or actions are controlled by an external agent. It has recently been suggested that these psychotic experiences result from defective monitoring of one's own actions, i.e. disturbed comparison of actions and perceived outcomes. In this study, we examined the function of the previously characterized action monitoring network of the inferior parietal lobule (IPL), medial (mPFC) and lateral prefrontal cortices in patients with different levels of passivity symptoms with an fMRI task. The visuomotor fMRI task demanded control of visually perceived object movements by alternating button presses with the left and the right index finger. In the monitoring condition of this task subjects stopped their actions whenever they detected visuomotor incongruence. fMRI and behavioural data from 15 patients were tested for correlation with passivity symptoms using standardized Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS)- and AMDP- passivity symptom ratings. Both types of data were tested for differences between the patients group and 15 healthy controls. In the patient group we found the expected correlation of passivity symptoms and visuomotor monitoring performance. There was a significant positive correlation of passivity symptoms with increased latency of incongruence detection and a negative correlation of SAPS-passivity with the number of detected events. fMRI data revealed correlations of passivity symptoms with activation in bilateral IPL, primary motor and sensory cortices in the action monitoring condition. A correlation of passivity symptoms with the main experimental effect (actions with - actions without monitoring) was found in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and in the left IPL. No group differences or group by task interactions were found within the visuomotor-action-monitoring network. Our results demonstrate the association between passivity symptoms and the dysfunction of visuomotor action monitoring and support the idea that psychotic passivity experiences result from dysfunctions of central action monitoring mechanisms: According to pre-existing concepts of parietal cortex function, IPL-hyperactivation may represent an increase in false detections of visuomotor incongruence while the correlation between passivity and the differential effect of monitoring on PCC-activation assumedly represents greater self-monitoring effort in passivity experience