Rôle de la reconnaissance dans la construction de l’identité au travail

La reconnaissance est un concept complexe, polymorphe et polysémique (Brun et Dugas, 2005 ; Ricœur, 2004). L'analyse de son contenu, de ses formes et de ses critères reste fragmentaire. La compréhension de la reconnaissance est d'autant plus importante que face au flou des repères individuels et collectifs, l'expérience de travail constitue un mode de mise à l'épreuve d'une identité mouvante, constamment remaniée par les marques de reconnaissance octroyées ou non. En effet, le travail demeure un lieu essentiel du lien social et de quête identitaire. La reconnaissance au travail constitue ainsi un levier important dans la construction et la confirmation de soi. En se référant à la psychodynamique du travail (Dejours, 1998), l'objectif de cet article est d'étudier le rôle de la reconnaissance dans la construction de l'identité professionnelle. Plus précisément, le travail est abordé selon deux perspectives : (1) comme un lieu de socialisation dans lequel la construction de soi est tributaire des interactions avec autrui (superviseurs, collègues, subordonnés et clients) ; (2) comme un instrument mobilisé dans le processus de validation des identités des acteurs. La mise en perspective du rapport entre la reconnaissance et l'identité au travail est basée sur une démarche qualitative interprétative. La méthodologie utilisée a consisté en des entretiens approfondis et compréhensifs auprès de onze salariés tunisiens. L'analyse de contenu du discours de ces salariés a permis de construire une grille de lecture des liens entre reconnaissance et identité au travail. Cette grille distingue entre le contenu et le processus de reconnaissance. En termes de contenu, la reconnaissance est caractérisée par sa bidimensionnalité combinant une reconnaissance de conformité avec une reconnaissance de distinction. En termes de processus, la reconnaissance au travail suppose un mouvement à différents niveaux : identification, attestation de valeur et récompense. À partir de cette grille, la gestion de la reconnaissance au travail est abordée en termes des limites actuelles des pratiques managériales des ressources humaines. SUMMARY : The Role of Recognition in the Construction of Identity at Work Although there is an increasing interest of human resource managers on the theme of recognition, the effects of an assumed lack of recognition remain confined to a strictly psychological and individual level. The accumulation of individual experiences related to the lack of recognition may generate, at the collective level, counterproductive behaviors that, therefore, have an effect on organizational efficiency. In this way, a number of questions remain unanswered in the field of recognition in the workplace. What does recognition mean? What do we recognize or what would we like to see recognized? Recognition understood as consideration comes close to recognition understood as reputation; recognition sometimes deals with accomplishments or efficiency or even group belonging. The aim of this paper is to firmly establish the study of recognition in the process of identity construction at work. Even though work—inside more and more complex and flexible organizations—has lost its centrality in the life of individuals, it remains both a place and a factor for identity development. Thus, multiple signs of recognition may contribute to reinforce and stabilize the identity at work. Since it is an ongoing process, identity is shaped and reshaped by continuous interactions with others. Do experiences at work, in interactional situations, constitute a way of testing a shifting identity, constantly being reshaped by signs of recognition, granted or not? Work is an important place in the construction and confirmation of self. The objective of this paper is to identify and analyze the role of recognition at work in the process of identity construction. More specifically, work is approached using two perspectives: (1) as a place of socialization in which constructing self depends on interactions with others (supervisors, colleagues, subordinates, and customers); (2) as a tool that is mobilized in the process of validating the identities of the actors. Utilizing a qualitative design, based on comprehensive in-depth interviews, we asked Tunisian workers about their experiences of recognition at work. A qualitative approach is particularly useful in that it does not impose a content of recognition; rather, it allows respondents to describe recognition forms and criteria in their own terms. Our results were used to develop a framework that details the role of recognition at work in the process of constructing professional identity. This framework distinguishes between the contents and the processes of recognition. In terms of contents, recognition is characterized by its bi-dimensionality going from conformity recognition to recognition of distinction. As a process, recognition at work supposes movement at different levels: identification, certificate of value, and reward. A major contribution of this study is to integrate works on recognition and identity at work. Finally, practical implications to help human resource professionals to better understand and manage recognition practices are discussed

Une Bibliothèque de Fragments de Méthodes pour la Construction de Méthodes Situationnelles

National audienceLa pratique de l'utilisation des méthodes montre que ces dernières ne sont presque jamais suivies convenablement du fait qu'il n'existe aucune méthode qui satisfasse toutes les situations. Développer une nouvelle méthode pour toute nouvelle situation n'est pas judicieux puisque le coût, en terme de temps, sera très cher. L'approche situationnelle vise à définir des méthodes qui sont construites par assemblage de fragments de méthodes déjà existantes de façon à bien s'adapter à la situation du projet et à gagner en temps de développement. Parmi les approches proposées pour supporter la construction des méthodes situationnelles celle de Colette Rolland [6], qui permet de construire et d'exécuter dynamiquement et d'une manière flexible les modèles de processus. Cette approche est basée sur le concept de carte et sur les aides méthodologiques qui lui sont associées. Notre travail consiste en le développement d'une bibliothèque de fragments de méthodes aidant dans la construction de méthodes situationnelles et mettant en oeuvre l'approche en question. Cette bibliothèque fournit une base où sont décrites les deux facettes des fragments : produits et processus, ainsi que trois modules permettant de gérer la base, de consulter son contenu et de rechercher des fragments selon des critères bien déterminés

Chimeric cells of maternal origin do not appear to be pathogenic in the juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies or muscular dystrophy.

INTRODUCTION: Microchimeric cells have been studied for over a decade, with conflicting reports on their presence and role in autoimmune and other inflammatory diseases. To determine whether microchimeric cells were pathogenic or mediating tissue repair in inflammatory myopathies, we phenotyped and quantified microchimeric cells in juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (JIIM), muscular dystrophy (MD), and noninflammatory control muscle tissues. METHOD: Fluorescence immunophenotyping for infiltrating cells with sequential fluorescence in situ hybridization was performed on muscle biopsies from ten patients with JIIM, nine with MD and ten controls. RESULTS: Microchimeric cells were significantly increased in MD muscle (0.079 ± 0.024 microchimeric cells/mm(2) tissue) compared to controls (0.019 ± 0.007 cells/mm(2) tissue, p = 0.01), but not elevated in JIIM muscle (0.043 ± 0.015 cells/mm(2)). Significantly more CD4+ and CD8+ microchimeric cells were in the muscle of patients with MD compared with controls (mean 0.053 ± 0.020/mm(2) versus 0 ± 0/mm(2) p = 0.003 and 0.043 ± 0.023/mm(2) versus 0 ± 0/mm(2) p = 0.025, respectively). No differences in microchimeric cells between JIIM, MD, and noninflammatory controls were found for CD3+, Class II+, CD25+, CD45RA+, and CD123+ phenotypes, and no microchimeric cells were detected in CD20, CD83, or CD45RO populations. The locations of microchimeric cells were similar in all three conditions, with MD muscle having more microchimeric cells in perimysial regions than controls, and JIIM having fewer microchimeric muscle nuclei than MD. Microchimeric inflammatory cells were found, in most cases, at significantly lower proportions than autologous cells of the same phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: Microchimeric cells are not specific to autoimmune disease, and may not be important in muscle inflammation or tissue repair in JIIM

Conservation agriculture has no significant impact on sheep digestive parasitism

Conservation agriculture (CONS A) is a sustainable agriculture system based on crop rotation with no tillage. It has various environmental advantages compared to conventional agriculture (CONV A): decreased water evaporation, erosion, and CO2 emissions. In this first study of its kind, we aim to evaluate the impact of this type of agriculture on sheep gastrointestinal parasites. Two lamb groups aged between 5 and 10 months were randomly included to graze separately on CONS A and CONV A pastures. Each group was composed of two batches of three lambs, and these were followed up for two rearing months. Liveweight, hematological parameter variation, and digestive parasites were studied. At the end of the study period, lambs were slaughtered the carcass yield was determined, and a helminthological autopsy was performed on the digestive tracts of the animals to estimate different parasitological indicators. There was no difference between lambs reared on CONS A and those reared on CONV A for all parasite indicators (infestation intensity, abundance, and prevalence). The same trend was also obtained for hematological parameters, liveweight evolution, and carcass yield. These results prove that there is no impact of CONS A on the sheep's digestive parasitism. Further studies are needed to support these findings on larger animal samples and to investigate the impact of conservation agriculture on other parasite species. Similar studies could also be conducted on ruminant species

Preference-based Conflict Resolution for Collaborative Configuration of Product Lines

International audienceIn the context of Product lines, the collaborative configuration process gets complicated when the configuration decisions of involved stakeholders are contradictory, which may lead to conflicting situations. Although considerable research has been devoted to collaborative configuration, little attention has been paid to conflict resolution. Moreover, most of existing approaches rely on a systematic process which constraint decisions of some stakeholders. In this paper, we propose a new collaborative configuration approach which allows conflict resolution based on stakeholders preferences expressed through a set of substitution rules. Based on such preferences, we delete the minimal set of conflicting configuration decisions which are identified using the Minimal Correction Subsets (MCSs) computing algorithm. An illustrating example and a tool prototype are presented to evaluate the applicability of our approach

Collaborative configuration approaches in software product lines engineering: A systematic mapping study

International audienceIn the context of software product line engineering, collaborative configuration is a decision-making process where multiple stakeholders contribute in building a single product specification. Several approaches addressing collaboration during configuration have already been proposed, but we still have little hard evidence about their effectiveness and little understanding about how collaborative configuration process should be carried out. This paper presents a classification framework to help understand existing collaborative configuration approaches. To elaborate it, a systematic mapping study was conducted guided by three research questions and 41 primary studies was selected out of 238 identified ones. The proposed framework is composed of four dimensions capturing main aspects related to configuration approaches: purpose, collaboration, process and tool. Each dimension is itself multi-faceted and a set of attributes is associated to each facet. Using this framework, we position and classify existing approaches, structure the representation of each approach characteristics, highlight their strengths and weaknesses, compare them to each other, and identify open issues. This study gives a solid foundation for classifying existing and fu-* Corresponding author ture approaches for product lines collaborative configuration. Researchers and practitioners can use our framework for identifying existing research/technical gaps to attack, better scoping their own contributions, or understanding existing ones

Colla-Config: A stakeholders preferences-based approach for product lines collaborative configuration

International audienceDuring collaborative configuration of software product lines (SPL), multiple stakeholders contribute together in building a single product specification. Conflicting situations can arise during the configuration process due to contradictions between some/all stakeholders’ configuration choices. Detecting and resolving such situation rise two major challenges: choosing which choices to omit, and taking stakeholders’ preferences into account. Several SPL collaborative configuration approaches are available. However, they either do not present detailed information on the strategies for conflict resolution, or they rely on a systematic process that resolves conflicts by prioritizing configuration decisions made at earlier stage, constraining therefore some of stakeholders’ choices. The lack of flexibility may hinder conflict resolution as choices taken at earlier stages overlay those at later phases. To mitigate these limitations, we propose a new collaborative configuration approach (Colla-Config) that provides a preference-based conflict resolution method within a free-order configuration process; each stakeholder expresses his/her preferences through a set of substitution rules, and freely makes his/her configuration decisions towards the desired product, without being constrained by the configuration decisions made by the other ones. To assess the feasibility and the usability of the proposed approach, we conducted a usability test designed following the ISO/IEC 25062:2006 Common Industry Format for usability tests. Results of the experiments provide preliminary evidence of the approach feasibility and the tool ability to properly support the SPL collaborative configuration

Colla-Config: A stakeholders preferences-based approach for product lines collaborative configuration

International audienceDuring collaborative configuration of software product lines (SPL), multiple stakeholders contribute together in building a single product specification. Conflicting situations can arise during the configuration process due to contradictions between some/all stakeholders’ configuration choices. Detecting and resolving such situation rise two major challenges: choosing which choices to omit, and taking stakeholders’ preferences into account. Several SPL collaborative configuration approaches are available. However, they either do not present detailed information on the strategies for conflict resolution, or they rely on a systematic process that resolves conflicts by prioritizing configuration decisions made at earlier stage, constraining therefore some of stakeholders’ choices. The lack of flexibility may hinder conflict resolution as choices taken at earlier stages overlay those at later phases. To mitigate these limitations, we propose a new collaborative configuration approach (Colla-Config) that provides a preference-based conflict resolution method within a free-order configuration process; each stakeholder expresses his/her preferences through a set of substitution rules, and freely makes his/her configuration decisions towards the desired product, without being constrained by the configuration decisions made by the other ones. To assess the feasibility and the usability of the proposed approach, we conducted a usability test designed following the ISO/IEC 25062:2006 Common Industry Format for usability tests. Results of the experiments provide preliminary evidence of the approach feasibility and the tool ability to properly support the SPL collaborative configuration