A Case Study of Unemployment in Booni Valley, District Chitral, Pakistan

Unemployment is the curse situation where a person seeks a job but is unable to find out at current wage rate. It is one of the major & permanent socio economic problem of Pakistan and the main hurdle in economic development of the country. In most of the rural areas of the K-P the unemployment ratio is very high .Similarly in Booni, a valley of district Chitral the rate of unemployment is very high. In order to find out the actual situation this research has been conducted in Booni Chitral. There are thirteen small villages in Booni. From each small villages there are 13 sample sizesrandomly  selected to know the current unemployment rate in Booni.Questioneir was distributed in thses small villages the finding was properly tabulated & result were drawn on table basis of simple percentage method.The current unemployment rate in Booni district Chitral is 52.7% which is very high rate of unemployment.For this the data collected from females is 58.6% while  from males 41.4%. Keywords: Unemployment, Booni, Chitral

Economic Impact of Mineral Resources: A Case Study of District Chitral, Pakistan

This study examines the economic impact of minerals resources in the District Chitral. In addition to this, different ways of mining were undertaken. For this purpose primary and secondary data are used. In primary data, questionnaires were developed and distributed among the targeted samples of the population and for secondary data various articles were used. The objective of the study was to see the impact of mineral resources and the life standard of people employed in the mining factories and mining zones. Excel sheet was used to analyze the primary data. In conclusion, mining plays a vital role in the development of nation by providing employments, improving the quality of life of the masses and enhancing the infrastructure by providing roads and making trade favorable  for the place. Keywords: Economic impact, Development, Mineral Resources, Chitral

Political Communication and Post-Election Public Opinion Formation in Pakistan: Effect of PTI Government’s Policies on Youth Voters

The objective of this study was to observe the effect of Pakistan Tahreek-i- Insaaf (PTI) government‟s policies on its voters almost two years after General Elections 2018. Data was collected from PTI‟s youth voters of Lahore through survey (n=422) using the instrument of questionnaire comprised of 12 item. While for the qualitative part of the study Z test was applied. The study results predicted that the vote bank of PTI gradually decreased from timeline 2018 to2020 as the the proportion of PTI voters has declined from 0.83 per cent to 0.67 per cent respectively. However, regarding overall policies of the PTI government, party voters gauged PTI policies as „normal‟ and they wanted to give time to the regime expecting better output. The government‟s monetary and exchange rate policy has been seen as the worst part of the party performance so far by the voters while tax reforms, accountability and foreign policy on Iran and Kashmir have been termed as „excellent‟

Distribution and burden of newly detected coronary artery calcium: Results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

BACKGROUND: The transition from no coronary artery calcium (CAC) to detectable CAC is important, as even mild CAC is associated with increased cardiovascular events. We sought to characterize the anatomical distribution and burden of newly detectable CAC over 10-years follow-up. METHODS: We evaluated 3112 participants (mean age 58, 64% female) with baseline CAC=0 from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Participants underwent repeat CAC testing at different time intervals (between 2–10 years after baseline) per MESA protocol. Among participants who developed CAC on a follow-up scan, we used logistic regression and marginal probability modeling to describe the coronary distribution and burden of new CAC by age, gender, and race/ethnicity after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors and time-to-detection. RESULTS: A total of 1125 participants developed detectable CAC during follow-up with mean time-to-detection of 6.1 ± 3 years. New CAC was most commonly isolated to one vessel (72% of participants), with the left anterior descending (44% of total) most commonly affected followed by the right coronary (12%), left circumflex (10%) and left main (6%). These patterns were similar across age, gender, and race/ethnicity. In multivariable models, residual predictors of multi-vessel CAC (28% of total) included male gender, African-American or Hispanic race/ethnicity, hypertension, obesity, and diabetes. At the first detection of CAC>0, burden was usually low with median Agatston CAC score of 7.1, and <5% with CAC scores >100. CONCLUSION: New onset CAC most commonly involves just one vessel, occurs in the left anterior descending artery, has low CAC burden. New CAC can be detected at an early stage when aggressive preventive strategies may provide benefit

Temporal and Evolving Data Warehouse Design

The data model of the classical data warehouse (formally, dimensional model) does not offer comprehensive support for temporal data management. The underlying reason is that it requires consideration of several temporal aspects, which involve various time stamps. Also, transactional systems, which serves as a data source for data warehouse, have the tendency to change themselves due to changing business requirements. The classical dimensional model is deficient in handling changes to transaction sources. This has led to the development of various schemes, including evolution of data and evolution of data model and versioning of dimensional model. These models have their own strengths and limitations, but none fully satisfies the above-stated broad range of aspects, making it difficult to compare the proposed schemes with one another. This paper analyses the schemes that satisfy such challenging aspects faced by a data warehouse and proposes taxonomy for characterizing the existing models to temporal data management in data warehouse. The paper also discusses some open challenges

An analysis of the association among carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption and economic performance: an econometric model

This work is intended to present an investigation into the macroeconomic reasons for carbon dioxide emissions in Pakistan for the period 1971–2016. This study adds to the current empirical literature on the association among carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, economic growth and the level of investment in Pakistan. The data has been checked for its stationarity by applying the augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root test, and then a cointegration test helped in the estimation of long-run equilibrium association between environmental variables. The outcomes of the co-integration test suggest the presence of a long-run equilibrium connection between series. The results of Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) demonstrate that all variables transform to sustain long-run equilibrium. The outcomes of a Granger causality test showed that causality runs from economic performance and population toward CO2 emissions, while bi-directional causality is found between carbon dioxide emissions and energy usage, and carbon dioxide emissions and trade openness. The results of cumulative sum of recursive residuals (CUSUM) and cumulative sum of recursive residuals squares (CUSUMSQ) show the stability of the functional relationship established in the present work, which implies that this model is an adequate and useful tool for strategy formulation. So, an upsurge or a decrease in macroeconomic series will cause and has caused variations in carbon dioxide emissions in the long run in Pakistan

Effect of Problem Complexity on Group Learning and Problem Solving Skills of Medical Students

Background: To analyze the effect of problem difficulty on group learning and problem solving skills of second year MBBS students.Methods: In this prospective descriptive study two problem based learning (PBL) scenarios (one easy and the other difficult) were constructed on topic of hyperthyroidism were given consecutively to of 270 students (199 girls and 71 boys). At the end of two PBL scenarios, the students’ perceptions regarding group learning were recorded for both PBLs (easy and difficult) simultaneously using 5 point Likert scale on a standardized questionnaire. At the end of the difficult scenario, knowledge retention and problem solving skills of students were also tested by giving them a written test comprising of MCQs and SEQs. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 20 for frequencies and percentages. Paired Likert data regarding group learning items was analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test. Central tendency for positive and negative item outcomes were assessed to evaluate whether there is a significant directional change in the two responses. p value &lt;0.05 was considered significant.Results: Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test indicated that the two testing conditions were not significantly different (z score, p&gt;0.05). There was not a statistically significant difference between the simple and difficult scenario of PBL. Mean scores of the students were obtained as 0.92, 0.76, , 0.73, 0.53, 0.47 while for C-1 (recall) level MCQs mean scores are 0.79, , 0.61, 0.48 and0.19. For SEQs best mean score was again observed for one SEQ of C-2 level and it is found 0.79 while for C-3 level (Problem solving level) the mean score were 0.43 only. After accomplishing difficult PBL, students have shown better performance in C-2 level (interpretation level) questions as compared to C-1 (recall) and C-3 level (problem solving).Conclusion: There was significant difference in group work between during the simple and difficult PBL scenario. MCQs and SEQs of C-2 level (level of interpretation) were attempted well than C-1 and C3 leve