Regional devolopment and solidarity in Spain: the relationship between the E.C. and the internal solidarity funds.

This paper will analyse the importance that the Regional Solidarity Funds have acquired in the financial systems of those Autonomous Communities able to benefit from them, and the influence that these Funds have had in their development. In addition, the special role that Structural Funds have had in order to bring the Autonomous Communities’ development in line with the average level of the European Member States will be referred to. Then, the different EC tools that are connected with regional development will be described and analysed; next, the Spanish regions that have benefited from these tools since Spain joined the European Union in 1986 will be studied. The Internal Solidarity Funds and their relationship with the EC Structural Funds will also be analysed. The effects of these mechanisms will be examined from three different points of view. First of all, the impact of these resources on the regional financial system will be considered; secondly, the coordination between the EC Structural Funds and the Internal Solidarity Funds, and the impact of this relationship will be analysed; and finally, whether or not these mechanisms are efficient enough to achieve the aim of regional unity will be determined, and their influence in different areas of production will also be observed. Key words: Fiscal Federalism, Spanish Autonomous Communities, Structural Funds, Inter-regional Solidarity. JEL Codes: H7, H77.

Incidencia de la reforma del IRPF sobre la oferta laboral y el bienestar de la familia española

En este trabajo se analizan los efectos de la Reforma del Impuesto sobre la renta efectuada en España en 1999 sobre la oferta de trabajo de las unidades familiares. En primer lugar se presenta el marco fiscal de las familias antes de la reforma del IRPF de 1999 y la situación impositiva de los hogares españoles después de dicha reforma. En segundo lugar, partiendo de la estimación de una ecuación de oferta laboral de los matrimonios, en la que se tienen en cuenta los efectos cruzados de los salarios y los diferentes tipos de renta de ambos cónyuges, se estudian los efectos de la Reforma sobre el bienestar por medio del cálculo de la variación equivalente asociada a la misma. Estas estimaciones se han realizado a partir de los datos del PHOGUE 94. Los resultados permiten inferir unas ganancias de bienestar ligeramente superiores para las mujeres que para los hombres, con independencia de la situación laboral de ambos. Analizando las ganancias de bienestar por hogares, las mayores ganancias se detectan en los de rentas medias y medias altas y, para cada uno de estos grupos de renta, son mayores a medida que aumenta el número de hijos. Classification-JEL : H24, H31, J22.Impuesto sobre la renta, oferta de trabajo, variación equivalente.

Intergovernmental transfers and revenue sharing in Spain

The main objective of this paper is to provide a general analysis of the evolution of the funding models of the Spanish Autonomous Communities (regional level) during the last decade and explore the main achievements of the new model (2001). In particular, the funding models that have been applied during these years are assessed comparing their results with the proponsed objectives that they tried to meet. Finally, special attention is paid to the developments achieved by the new model with respect to the previous one in terms of economic sufficiency (static and dynamic), joint responsibility for taxation and interregional solidarity measures. Key words: Federalismo Fiscal, Spanish Autonomous Communities, Economic Sufficiency, Fiscal Corresponsability, Interregional Solidarity. JEL classification: H7, H72, H7

Regional devolopment and solidarity in Spain: the relationship between the E.C. and the internal solidarity funds.

This paper will analyse the importance that the Regional Solidarity Funds have acquired in the financial systems of those Autonomous Communities able to benefit from them, and the influence that these Funds have had in their development. In addition, the special role that Structural Funds have had in order to bring the Autonomous Communities’ development in line with the average level of the European Member States will be referred to. Then, the different EC tools that are connected with regional development will be described and analysed; next, the Spanish regions that have benefited from these tools since Spain joined the European Union in 1986 will be studied. The Internal Solidarity Funds and their relationship with the EC Structural Funds will also be analysed. The effects of these mechanisms will be examined from three different points of view. First of all, the impact of these resources on the regional financial system will be considered; secondly, the coordination between the EC Structural Funds and the Internal Solidarity Funds, and the impact of this relationship will be analysed; and finally, whether or not these mechanisms are efficient enough to achieve the aim of regional unity will be determined, and their influence in different areas of production will also be observed. Key words: Fiscal Federalism, Spanish Autonomous Communities, Structural Funds, Inter-regional Solidarity. JEL Codes: H7, H77

Communicative Language Testing: Implications for Computer Based Language Testing in French for Specific Purposes

[EN] Current evolutions of language testing have led to integrating computers in FSP assessments both in oral and written communicative tasks. This paper deals with two main issues: learners expectations about the types of questions in FSP computer based assessments and the relation with their own experience. This paper describes the experience of 23 freshmen French students enrolled in the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia who took a computer based version of a FSP test. Their attitudes were observed and annotated. The learners expressed their difficulties in taking a FSP computer delivered test. The paper suggests that the dramatic change between general French and French for Specific Purposes may imply significant differences in the students to the new computer context due to the changes in vocabulary, register and language use as well as computer ergonomics. The paper concludes: firstly, that basic notions of certain specialized forms and vocabulary should be introduced in high school; secondly, that FSP should tend to be more communicative and that FSP teaching should be more reflective and communicative than it may be in colleges at the moment; thirdly, that if computer based tests may be a valuable tool in FSP testing (Garcia Laborda et al, 2010), item choice and prompts should be carefully considered. The analysis hereby presented is contextualized in computer based language testing and is a relevant part of the OPENPAU (MINECO FFI2011-22442) project.The researchers would like to express their gratitude to the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) with co-founding with ERDF funds under the 2008-2011 plan. for supporting the development and implementation of OPENPAU project (MINECO FFI2011-22442). The researchers would also like to than the participation of the Camille Research group of Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (Spain) for allowing Dr. López participate in this research and its evolutions from 2009 to 2013García Laborda, J.; López-Santiago, M.; Otero De Juan, N.; Alvarez Alvarez, A. (2014). Communicative Language Testing: Implications for Computer Based Language Testing in French for Specific Purposes. Journal of Language Teaching and Research (Online). 5(5):971-975. https://doi.org/10.4304/jltr.5.5.971-975S9719755

New Views on Carrier Diffusion and Recombination by Combining Small Perturbation Techniques: Application to BiVO4 Photoelectrodes

Impedance spectroscopy (IS), intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS), and intensity-modulated photovoltage spectroscopy (IMVS) are well-established powerful modulated techniques to characterize optoelectronic devices. Their combined use has proven to provide an understanding of the behavior and performance of these systems, far beyond the output obtained from their independent analysis. However, this combination is shown to be challenging when applied to complex systems. Herein, IS, IMPS, and IMVS are cooperatively used, for the first time, to study the distributed photogeneration, diffusion, and recombination processes in a photoanode of zircon-doped bismuth vanadate. The use of this methodology reveals that the carriers that determine the response of the device are the electrons when the device is illuminated from the hole-collector side (electrolyte) and the holes when the illumination reaches the device from the electron-collector side. Detailed quantitative information is obtained for each carrier, including recombination lifetime, diffusion coefficient and collectrion and separation efficiencies, identifying the latter as the main limitation of this device. This methodology is a powerful tool that can be used for the characterization and understanding of the operating processes of other photoconversion devices.Funding for open access charge: CRUE-Universitat Jaume

Granzyme-A deficiency attenuates experimental osteoarthritis in mice, but perforin deficiency does not

Objectives: This study aims to assess the development of osteoarthritis (OA) in granzyme A- (gzmA) and B- (gzmB) and perforin- (perf) knockout mice. Materials and methods: A total of 75 male and female C57BL/6 (eight to nine-week-old) mice were allocated to: gzmA-deficient (gzmA-/-) (11 females, 8 males), gzmB-deficient (gzmB-/-) (9 females, 8 males), perf-deficient (perf-/-) (10 females, 9 males), and control group (10 females, 10 males). Osteoarthritis was induced in the right knee by instability of the meniscus medial ligament. Sham surgery was practiced in the left knee. Knee samples obtained eight weeks after surgery were stained (Safranin-O) and blindly scored in lateral and medial femur and tibia using the Osteoarthritis Research Society International scale (OARSI) (from Grade 0, cartilage intact to 6, deformation), (five stages from 0, no OA to 4, >50% surface involvement); OARSI score (grade x stage); and a semi-quantitative scale from Grade 0 (normal) to 6 (cartilage erosion >80%). Results: Significantly higher values in all scales in the right knees compared to the left knees in male and female mice were observed (p<0.05). Males of all strains showed in the right knee higher values than females on all scales. Deficiency of perforin did not modify OA severity in any sex. The gzmA-/- females presented less degenerative changes than the other groups. Conclusion: Our study results show that sex plays an important role in the development of experimental OA in mice. Deficiency of gzmA can protect from the development of OA in female mice

A synthesis of women's participation in small-scale fisheries management : why women's voices matter

Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu CEX2019-000940-MAltres ajuts: acords transformatius de la UABWhile women globally make up nearly half of the fisheries workforce, their contribution to the sector has long been overlooked with implications for fisheries management. To assess women's participation in small-scale fisheries (SSF) management and related socio-cultural, environmental, and economic impacts, we conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature (n = 124 case studies). Women had no or limited participation in more than 80% of the examined case studies reporting their participation level in SSF management. Women's exclusion from SSF management resulted in negative outcomes, whereas their active participation was associated with various positive impacts at multiple scales. Most of the documented impacts were socio-cultural, suggesting a gap in documenting environmental impacts stemmed from women's participation in SSF management. Importantly, most impacts reported affected the social-ecological system scale, suggesting that gender inclusion may contribute to improving the management of SSF social-ecological systems. We conclude by highlighting the need to foster gender perspectives in data collection methods used in fisheries research, in SSF management, and in ecological research on SSF social-ecological systems

Current status of bacterial spot of stone fruits and almond caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni in Spain

In 2002, typical symptoms of bacterial spot disease of stone fruits caused by Xanthomomas arboricola pv. pruni (Xap) were observed for the first time on Japanese plum in Badajoz (south-western Spain). During the following years, the pathogen was found in seven other eastern and northern Spanish provinces (Valencia, Alicante, Zaragoza, Huesca, Navarra, Lérida and Mallorca) affecting different cultivars of Japanese plum, nectarine, peach and almond. There are few previous reports of Xap on almond, the Spanish outbreaks constituting its first detection on this host in the European Union (EU). Identification of the pathogen was performed using biochemical tests, fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) profiles, conventional and real-time PCR, and hypersensitivity reaction on tobacco leaves. Pathogenicity was demonstrated by inoculation of young potted plants of peach, plum or almond and successful re-isolations from plants with symptoms. In areas where infected plants were found, eradication programs were set up since Xap has a quarantine status according to phytosanitary EU legislation.Publishe

Los indicios auríferos sobre la Fm Vegadeo en el corredor Navelgas-Trevías (Zona Asturoccidental-Leonesa)

In this paper, some results of practical interest regarding the gold mineralisation occurring in the northern area of the Navelgas gold belt (West Asturian-Leonese Zone) are presented. The mineral paragenesis of the Navelgas hydrothermal-type mineralization has been completed with the presence of arsenopyrite, lollingite, native Bi, bismuthinite, gersdorfite, violarite, monazite and parisite. Native gold, although scarce, is mainly associated with pyrite and asenopyrite. Pyrite, predominant sulphide, contains 625 mg-kg-1 of invisible refractory gold. Micro-analysis of trace elements in alluvial gold particles indicates the presence of several unknown primary gold showings, likely associated with quartz veins, in the upper basin of the Navelgas river. In the San Feliz area, about 12 km NE of Navelgas, refractory gold (727 mg-kg-1) has been identified in the goethite (pseudomorph of pyrite) within the eluvium overlying the Vegadeo Fm, suggesting the possible existence of deep mineralized areas.En este trabajo se presentan algunos resultados de interés práctico sobre las mineralizaciones de oro que aparecen en el sector norte del cinturón aurífero de Navelgas (Zona Asturoccidental-Leonesa). El indicio de Navelgas, el más importante del área de estudio, presenta una mineralización hidrotermal cuya paragénesis se ha completado con la presencia de arsenopirita, lollingita, Bi nativo, bismutinita, gersdorfita, violarita, monacita y parisita. El oro nativo, escaso, se asocia a pirita y asenopirita. La primera, mayoritaria, contiene 625 mg·kg-1 de oro refractario invisible. El microanálisis de elementos traza en oro aluvionar indica que en la cuenca alta del río Navelgas existen varios indicios, no conocidos, de oro primario, probablemente asociados a filones de cuarzo. En el área de San Feliz, unos 12 km al NE de Navelgas, se ha identificado la presencia de oro refractario (727 mg·kg-1) en la goethita (pseudomorfa de pirita) de los eluviones que se desarrollan sobre la Fm Vegadeo, lo que parece indicar la posible existencia de zonas profundas mineralizadas. En el área de San Feliz, unos 12 km al NE de Navelgas, se ha identificado la presencia de oro refractario (727 mg·kg-1) en la goethita (pseudomorfa de pirita) de los eluviones que se desarrollan sobre la Fm Vegadeo, lo que parece indicar la posible existencia de zonas profundas mineralizadas