82 research outputs found
Si loin, si proches de la prison : les centres éducatifs fermés pour jeunes délinquants
La crĂ©ation des premiers Centres Ă©ducatifs fermĂ©s (CEF), en septembre 2002, fut lâun des symboles les plus marquants dâun processus de durcissement des rĂ©ponses pĂ©nales apportĂ©es aux jeunes dĂ©linquants. FondĂ© sur une enquĂȘte monographique au sein dâun CEF de la Protection judiciaire de la jeunesse (PJJ), cet article analyse les rapports ambigus quâentretiennent ces nouveaux Ă©tablissements à « lâenfermement », et plus gĂ©nĂ©ralement Ă la prison. Nos observations montrent en effet que le fonctionnement quotidien du CEF, malgrĂ© la philosophie du contrĂŽle qui le structure, nâexclut pas toute possibilitĂ© de sortie, autorisĂ©e ou non : les CEF apparaissent comme des centres Ă©ducatifs « fermĂ©s-ouverts » plus que strictement « fermĂ©s ». Nos observations montrent cependant, dans le mĂȘme temps, que les stratĂ©gies Ă©ducatives Ă©laborĂ©es par les Ă©ducateurs autour des contraintes â en particulier les contraintes pĂ©nales â qui pĂšsent sur les jeunes placĂ©s sont toujours susceptibles de faire des CEF une antichambre de la prison, brouillant les frontiĂšres entre « milieu ouvert » et « milieu fermé ».The opening of the first closed educational centres (CEF) in France in September 2002 was one of the most striking symbols of a crackdown on juvenile delinquents. Based on a monographic survey within a CEF run by the public sector of the Youth Judicial Protection Service (PJJ), this article analyses the ambiguous relationship that these new institutions have with âconfinementâ and prison in general. Our observations show that despite the philosophy of control that structures the CEF, its day-to-day operations do not rule out the possibility of temporary release, whether authorised or not: CEFs appear to be âopen-closedâ more than completely âclosedâ educational centres. At the same time, our observations show that educational strategies designed by educators around the constraintsâespecially the legal constraintsâfaced by the youths in their charge are still likely to make CEFs an antechamber of prison, blurring the boundaries between âopen custodyâ and âclosed custodyâ
Suivre à  la trace: Responsabilisation et traçabilité dans le suivi hors les murs de jeunes délinquants à Montréal
Based on data collected in Montreal, this article looks at the tensions underlying the supervision of young delinquents in the community. More specifically, it questions what happens to support practices in the context of a risk management approach that aims to intensify the monitoring of youths previously targeted as being most at risk of recidivism. To this end, it proposes to study the data resulting from the systematic recording, by the monitoring agents (known as âyouth delegatesâ), of written traces of their activity in computer software dedicated to the traceability of the intervention. It then analyzes the double responsabilization strategy that the content of the software displays. This strategy rests, on the one hand, on the youth themselves, who are called upon to act as the main actors responsible for change, and, on the other hand, on the actors of their environment, in particular their parents, who are asked to collaborate with the youth delegates and, as such, are likely to be recruited as back-up workers for the criminal justice system
Lâobligation de signalement aux services de protection de lâenfance : analyse situationnelle de sa mise en Ćuvre dans les pratiques de soins primaires
Introduction: International studies suggest that a lack of forensic knowledge, clinical skills and organizational support may hinder nurses' implementation of the duty to report suspected cases of maltreatment to child welfare services. No studies to date have documented how the duty to report is integrated into primary care nursing practice.
Objectives: To describe primary care nurses' perceived role in preventing child maltreatment and to explore the process of implementing mandatory reporting to child welfare services.
Methods: A situational analysis was conducted using 14 semi-structured interviews with primary care nurses in Quebec, Canada. These interviews were qualitatively mapped and analyzed using inductive coding.
Results: Clinical vigilance is an important dimension of nursing practice, which is influenced by external constraints. The implementation of the duty to report relies on clinical intuition, the exercise of discretionary power and organizational work that can be preventive, targeted or symbolic in scope. The determining factor in the implementation of the duty to report is the exercise of control over the situation and its anticipated consequences.
Discussion and conclusion: These findings provide insight into the process of implementing mandatory reporting practices to child welfare services in terms of factors that may influence the exercise of nursesâ discretionary power.Introduction : Les Ă©tudes menĂ©es Ă lâinternational suggĂšrent quâun manque de connaissances mĂ©dico-lĂ©gales, dâhabiletĂ©s cliniques et de soutien organisationnel pourrait nuire Ă la mise en Ćuvre de lâobligation de signalement aux services de protection de lâenfance par le personnel infirmier. Aucune Ă©tude nâa jusquâĂ ce jour documenteÌ le processus dâintĂ©gration de lâobligation de signalement Ă la pratique infirmiĂšre en soins primaires.
Objectifs : DĂ©crire le rĂŽle perçu par les infirmiĂšres de soins primaires Ă lâĂ©gard de la prĂ©vention de la maltraitance auprĂšs des enfants et explorer le processus de mise en Ćuvre de lâobligation de signalement aux services de protection de lâenfance.
MĂ©thodes : Une analyse situationnelle a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e Ă partir de 14 entrevues semi-dirigĂ©es auprĂšs dâinfirmiĂšres de soins primaires au QuĂ©bec, Canada. Ces entrevues ont fait lâobjet dâune analyse cartographique et dâune codification par Ă©mergence.
RĂ©sultats : La vigilance clinique est une dimension importante de la pratique infirmiĂšre, qui est influencĂ©e par des contraintes externes. La mise en Ćuvre de lâobligation de signalement sâappuie sur lâintuition clinique, sur lâexercice dâun pouvoir discrĂ©tionnaire et sur un travail dâorganisation dont la portĂ©e peut ĂȘtre prĂ©ventive, ciblĂ©e ou symbolique. LâĂ©lĂ©ment dĂ©terminant la mise en Ćuvre de lâobligation de signalement relĂšve de lâexercice dâun contrĂŽle sur la situation et sur ses consĂ©quences anticipĂ©es.
Discussion et conclusion : Ces rĂ©sultats permettent de mieux comprendre le processus de mise en Ćuvre de lâobligation de signalement aux services de protection de lâenfance, sous lâangle des facteurs pouvant influencer lâexercice du pouvoir discrĂ©tionnaire attribuĂ© au personnel infirmier
State of the climate in 2018
In 2018, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earthâs atmosphereâcarbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxideâcontinued their increase. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earthâs surface was 407.4 ± 0.1 ppm, the highest in the modern instrumental record and in ice core records dating back 800 000 years. Combined, greenhouse gases and several halogenated gases contribute just over 3 W mâ2 to radiative forcing and represent a nearly 43% increase since 1990. Carbon dioxide is responsible for about 65% of this radiative forcing. With a weak La Niña in early 2018 transitioning to a weak El Niño by the yearâs end, the global surface (land and ocean) temperature was the fourth highest on record, with only 2015 through 2017 being warmer. Several European countries reported record high annual temperatures. There were also more high, and fewer low, temperature extremes than in nearly all of the 68-year extremes record. Madagascar recorded a record daily temperature of 40.5°C in Morondava in March, while South Korea set its record high of 41.0°C in August in Hongcheon. Nawabshah, Pakistan, recorded its highest temperature of 50.2°C, which may be a new daily world record for April. Globally, the annual lower troposphere temperature was third to seventh highest, depending on the dataset analyzed. The lower stratospheric temperature was approximately fifth lowest. The 2018 Arctic land surface temperature was 1.2°C above the 1981â2010 average, tying for third highest in the 118-year record, following 2016 and 2017. Juneâs Arctic snow cover extent was almost half of what it was 35 years ago. Across Greenland, however, regional summer temperatures were generally below or near average. Additionally, a satellite survey of 47 glaciers in Greenland indicated a net increase in area for the first time since records began in 1999. Increasing permafrost temperatures were reported at most observation sites in the Arctic, with the overall increase of 0.1°â0.2°C between 2017 and 2018 being comparable to the highest rate of warming ever observed in the region. On 17 March, Arctic sea ice extent marked the second smallest annual maximum in the 38-year record, larger than only 2017. The minimum extent in 2018 was reached on 19 September and again on 23 September, tying 2008 and 2010 for the sixth lowest extent on record. The 23 September date tied 1997 as the latest sea ice minimum date on record. First-year ice now dominates the ice cover, comprising 77% of the March 2018 ice pack compared to 55% during the 1980s. Because thinner, younger ice is more vulnerable to melting out in summer, this shift in sea ice age has contributed to the decreasing trend in minimum ice extent. Regionally, Bering Sea ice extent was at record lows for almost the entire 2017/18 ice season. For the Antarctic continent as a whole, 2018 was warmer than average. On the highest points of the Antarctic Plateau, the automatic weather station Relay (74°S) broke or tied six monthly temperature records throughout the year, with August breaking its record by nearly 8°C. However, cool conditions in the western Bellingshausen Sea and Amundsen Sea sector contributed to a low melt season overall for 2017/18. High SSTs contributed to low summer sea ice extent in the Ross and Weddell Seas in 2018, underpinning the second lowest Antarctic summer minimum sea ice extent on record. Despite conducive conditions for its formation, the ozone hole at its maximum extent in September was near the 2000â18 mean, likely due to an ongoing slow decline in stratospheric chlorine monoxide concentration. Across the oceans, globally averaged SST decreased slightly since the record El Niño year of 2016 but was still far above the climatological mean. On average, SST is increasing at a rate of 0.10° ± 0.01°C decadeâ1 since 1950. The warming appeared largest in the tropical Indian Ocean and smallest in the North Pacific. The deeper ocean continues to warm year after year. For the seventh consecutive year, global annual mean sea level became the highest in the 26-year record, rising to 81 mm above the 1993 average. As anticipated in a warming climate, the hydrological cycle over the ocean is accelerating: dry regions are becoming drier and wet regions rainier. Closer to the equator, 95 named tropical storms were observed during 2018, well above the 1981â2010 average of 82. Eleven tropical cyclones reached SaffirâSimpson scale Category 5 intensity. North Atlantic Major Hurricane Michaelâs landfall intensity of 140 kt was the fourth strongest for any continental U.S. hurricane landfall in the 168-year record. Michael caused more than 30 fatalities and 6 billion (U.S. dollars) in damages across the Philippines, Hong Kong, Macau, mainland China, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands. Tropical Storm Son-Tinh was responsible for 170 fatalities in Vietnam and Laos. Nearly all the islands of Micronesia experienced at least moderate impacts from various tropical cyclones. Across land, many areas around the globe received copious precipitation, notable at different time scales. Rodrigues and RĂ©union Island near southern Africa each reported their third wettest year on record. In Hawaii, 1262 mm precipitation at WaipÄ Gardens (Kauai) on 14â15 April set a new U.S. record for 24-h precipitation. In Brazil, the city of Belo Horizonte received nearly 75 mm of rain in just 20 minutes, nearly half its monthly average. Globally, fire activity during 2018 was the lowest since the start of the record in 1997, with a combined burned area of about 500 million hectares. This reinforced the long-term downward trend in fire emissions driven by changes in land use in frequently burning savannas. However, wildfires burned 3.5 million hectares across the United States, well above the 2000â10 average of 2.7 million hectares. Combined, U.S. wildfire damages for the 2017 and 2018 wildfire seasons exceeded $40 billion (U.S. dollars)
6. Des éducateurs en centre éducatif fermé
Au moment de la compĂ©tition Ă©lectorale qui prĂ©cĂšde lâĂ©chĂ©ance prĂ©sidentielle de 2002, la proposition de crĂ©er des centres Ă©ducatifs fermĂ©s (CEF) pour jeunes dĂ©linquants rencontre un consensus politique inĂ©dit, lĂ©gitimĂ©e par les promesses « rĂ©publicaines » de garantir la « sĂ©curitĂ© des Français ». SymptĂŽme emblĂ©matique du cadrage punitif qui a commencĂ© Ă restructurer les dĂ©bats politiques sur la dĂ©linquance juvĂ©nile dans la deuxiĂšme moitiĂ© des annĂ©es 1990, la « solution CEF » sâest alors impos..
Conclusion
Lâaction Ă©ducative auprĂšs des jeunes dĂ©linquants est traversĂ©e par deux principales tensions qui trouvent leur source dans lâhistoire de lâĂducation surveillĂ©e, devenue PJJ en 1990. Ces tensions sont Ă la fois structurantes, car elles pĂšsent sur lâactivitĂ© des services Ă©ducatifs en orientant les controverses qui en rythment le quotidien, et structurĂ©es ou restructurĂ©es par la maniĂšre dont les Ă©ducateurs sâen saisissent, en situation de travail, participant ainsi au devenir historique de leur ..
Accompagner, surveiller, (ne pas) dénoncer
FondĂ© sur des donnĂ©es rĂ©coltĂ©es Ă MontrĂ©al, cet article prend pour objet les tensions constitutives du suivi des jeunes dĂ©linquants dans la collectivitĂ©. Nous interrogeons pour cela le travail dâagents â dits dĂ©lĂ©guĂ©s jeunesse â chargĂ©s de la gestion dâun type singulier dâillĂ©galismes de droits, communĂ©ment nommĂ©s « manquements » : le non-respect, par les jeunes, des conditions auxquelles ils sont astreints dans le cadre de leur suivi. Nous soulignons que les pratiques de dĂ©nonciation des manquements, pouvant conduire Ă lâenfermement des jeunes, sâorganisent autour de trois axes principaux : un axe organisationnel, un axe professionnel et un axe interactionnel. En nous intĂ©ressant, le long de ces trois axes, aux opĂ©rations ordinaires de catĂ©gorisation des jeunes, nous dĂ©fendons lâidĂ©e que cette activitĂ© de gestion des manquements revient in fine Ă distinguer ceux qui seraient de « vrais » dĂ©linquants, premiers candidats au passage â ou au retour â entre les murs des institutions dâenfermement.Based on data collected in Montreal, this article looks at the tensions underlying the supervision of young delinquents in the community. We examine the work of the agents â so-called âyouth delegatesâ â who are responsible for managing a singular type of illegalisms of rights, commonly known as âbreachesâ: youthsâ failure to respect the conditions to which they are bound in the context of their supervision. We highlight that breach denunciation practices, which can lead to the youthsâ incarceration, are organized around three main axes: an organizational axis, a professional axis and an interactional axis. By exploring ordinary youth categorization operations along these axes, we argue that this breach management activity ultimately boils down to singling out, among the delinquents, those who are the ârealâ ones, the prime candidates to be placed â or to return â within the walls of detention institutions
2. La Justice Ă lâassaut de lâĂ©ducation
La « jeunesse dĂ©linquante » nâest devenue une catĂ©gorie ordinaire de lâaction publique quâau prix dâinvestissements institutionnels et savants qui lâont progressivement diffĂ©renciĂ©e dâautres formes de dĂ©viances juvĂ©niles, quâelles soient dâordre scolaire, mĂ©dical ou familial. Au dĂ©but du xxe siĂšcle, la majoritĂ© des spĂ©cialistes autorisĂ©s de lâenfance, notamment des mĂ©decins, refuse de faire de la dĂ©linquance un problĂšme spĂ©cifique. Celle-ci est au contraire englobĂ©e, au cĂŽtĂ© des autres formes..
5. Des Ă©ducateurs en milieu ouvert
Sur les 5 000 Ă©ducateurs que compte aujourdâhui la PJJ, un peu plus de la moitiĂ© travaille dans des services de « milieu ouvert », dont la prolifĂ©ration, dans les annĂ©es 1960 et 1970, a accompagnĂ© la consĂ©cration dâune justice de protection fondĂ©e sur la continuitĂ© entre le traitement des jeunes dĂ©linquants et celui des jeunes dits « en danger ». Ă la diffĂ©rence des foyers ouverts, avec lesquels on les confond parfois, les services de milieu ouvert nâhĂ©bergent aucun jeune. Suivis Ă distance, ..
Les éducateurs de la Protection judiciaire de la jeunesse à l'épreuve de l'évolution du traitement pénal des jeunes délinquants
Le présent article propose une généalogie de la profession d'éducateur de la Protection judiciaire de la jeunesse, qui interroge les transformations de ce groupe professionnel. à partir d'un questionnement sur la culture professionnelle des éducateurs, nous étudierons la maniÚre dont la profession réagit aux évolutions récentes du traitement pénal des jeunes délinquants. Pour cela, nous considÚrerons les cadres de l'action des éducateurs, à la jonction des constructions savantes de la délinquance juvénile, des débats sociaux sur les maniÚres de la traiter et de l'état des structures institutionnelles destinées à l'endiguer
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