321 research outputs found
Synthesis of nitroxyl radical by direct nucleophilic functionalization of a C-H bond in the azadiene systems
Cyclic dinitrones underwent nucleophilic substitution of the hydrogen atom in the reaction with a paramagnetic carbanion, the lithium derivative of 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-1-oxyl 3-oxide, to give polyfunctional nitronyl nitroxyls. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Harmonic emission from cluster nanoplasmas subject to intense short laser pulses
Harmonic emission from cluster nanoplasmas subject to short intense infrared
laser pulses is studied. In a previous publication [M. Kundu et al., Phys. Rev.
A 76, 033201 (2007)] we reported particle-in-cell simulation results showing
resonant enhancements of low-order harmonics when the Mie plasma frequency of
the ionizing and expanding cluster resonates with the respective harmonic
frequency. Simultaneously we found that high-order harmonics were barely
present in the spectrum, even at high intensities. The current paper is focused
on the analytical modeling of the process. We show that dynamical stochasticity
owing to nonlinear resonance inhibits the emission of high order harmonics.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures, RevTe
The moving boundary problem in the presence of a dipole magnetic field
An exact analytic solution is obtained for a uniformly expanding, neutral,
infinitely conducting plasma sphere in an external dipole magnetic field. The
electrodynamical aspects related to the radiation and transformation of energy
were considered as well. The results obtained can be used in analyzing the
recent experimental and simulation data.Comment: 17 pages, 1 figure, Submitted to J. Phys. A, Math. and Genera
Electrical excitation of shock and soliton-like waves in two-dimensional electron channels
We study electrical excitation of nonlinear plasma waves in heterostructures
with two-dimensional electron channels and with split gates, and the
propagation of these waves using hydrodynamic equations for electron transport
coupled with two-dimensional Poisson equation for self-consistent electric
potential. The term related to electron collisions with impurities and phonons
as well as the term associated with viscosity are included into the
hydrodynamic equations. We demonstrate the formation of shock and soliton-like
waves as a result of the evolution of strongly nonuniform initial electron
density distribution. It is shown that the shock wave front and the shape of
soliton-like pulses pronouncedly depend on the coefficient of viscosity, the
thickness of the gate layer and the nonuniformity of the donor distribution
along the channel. The electron collisions result in damping of the shock and
soliton-like waves, while they do not markedly affect the thickness of the
shock wave front.Comment: 9 pages, 11 figure
Comparison of Image Restoration Methods for Lunar Epithermal Neutron Emission Mapping
Orbital measurements of neutrons by the Lunar Exploring Neutron Detector (LEND) onboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter are being used to quantify the spatial distribution of near surface hydrogen (H). Inferred H concentration maps have low signal-to-noise (SN) and image restoration (IR) techniques are being studied to enhance results. A single-blind. two-phase study is described in which four teams of researchers independently developed image restoration techniques optimized for LEND data. Synthetic lunar epithermal neutron emission maps were derived from LEND simulations. These data were used as ground truth to determine the relative quantitative performance of the IR methods vs. a default denoising (smoothing) technique. We review and used factors influencing orbital remote sensing of neutrons emitted from the lunar surface to develop a database of synthetic "true" maps for performance evaluation. A prior independent training phase was implemented for each technique to assure methods were optimized before the blind trial. Method performance was determined using several regional root-mean-square error metrics specific to epithermal signals of interest. Results indicate unbiased IR methods realize only small signal gains in most of the tested metrics. This suggests other physically based modeling assumptions are required to produce appreciable signal gains in similar low SN IR applications
Chaotic Phenomenon in Nonlinear Gyrotropic Medium
Nonlinear gyrotropic medium is a medium, whose natural optical activity
depends on the intensity of the incident light wave. The Kuhn's model is used
to study nonlinear gyrotropic medium with great success. The Kuhn's model
presents itself a model of nonlinear coupled oscillators. This article is
devoted to the study of the Kuhn's nonlinear model. In the first paragraph of
the paper we study classical dynamics in case of weak as well as strong
nonlinearity. In case of week nonlinearity we have obtained the analytical
solutions, which are in good agreement with the numerical solutions. In case of
strong nonlinearity we have determined the values of those parameters for which
chaos is formed in the system under study. The second paragraph of the paper
refers to the question of the Kuhn's model integrability. It is shown, that at
the certain values of the interaction potential this model is exactly
integrable and under certain conditions it is reduced to so-called universal
Hamiltonian. The third paragraph of the paper is devoted to quantum-mechanical
consideration. It shows the possibility of stochastic absorption of external
field energy by nonlinear gyrotropic medium. The last forth paragraph of the
paper is devoted to generalization of the Kuhn's model for infinite chain of
interacting oscillators
The production rate of the coarse grained Gibbs entropy and the Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy: a real connection ?
We discuss the connection between the Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy, , and
the production rate of the coarse grained Gibbs entropy, . Detailed
numerical computations show that the (often accepted) identification of the two
quantities does not hold in systems with intermittent behavior and/or very
different characteristic times and in systems presenting pseudo-chaos. The
basic reason of this fact is in the asymptotic (with respect to time) nature of
, while is a quantity related to short time features of a system.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures Submitted to PR
Wave activity in the neighborhood of the bowshock of Mars
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/95091/1/grl4815.pd
Analytic solution for nonlinear shock acceleration in the Bohm limit
The selfconsistent steady state solution for a strong shock, significantly
modified by accelerated particles is obtained on the level of a kinetic
description, assuming Bohm-type diffusion. The original problem that is
commonly formulated in terms of the diffusion-convection equation for the
distribution function of energetic particles, coupled with the thermal plasma
through the momentum flux continuity equation, is reduced to a nonlinear
integral equation in one variable. Its solution provides selfconsistently both
the particle spectrum and the structure of the hydrodynamic flow. A critical
system parameter governing the acceleration process is found to be , where , with a suitably
normalized injection rate , the Mach number M >> 1, and the cut-off
momentum . We particularly focus on an efficient solution, in which
almost all the energy of the flow is converted into a few energetic particles.
It was found that (i) for this efficient solution (or, equivalently, for
multiple solutions) to exist, the parameter
must exceed a critical value ( is the injection
momentum), (ii) the total shock compression ratio r increases with M and
saturates at a level that scales as $ r \propto \Lambda_1 (iii) the downstream
power-law spectrum has the universal index q=3.5 over a broad momentum range.
(iv) completely smooth shock transitions do not appear in the steady state
kinetic description.Comment: 39 pages, 3 PostScript figures, uses aasms4.sty, to appear in Aug.
20, 1997 issue ApJ, vol. 48
Gurevich-Zybin system
We present three different linearizable extensions of the Gurevich-Zybin
system. Their general solutions are found by reciprocal transformations. In
this paper we rewrite the Gurevich-Zybin system as a Monge-Ampere equation. By
application of reciprocal transformation this equation is linearized.
Infinitely many local Hamiltonian structures, local Lagrangian representations,
local conservation laws and local commuting flows are found. Moreover, all
commuting flows can be written as Monge-Ampere equations similar to the
Gurevich-Zybin system. The Gurevich-Zybin system describes the formation of a
large scale structures in the Universe. The second harmonic wave generation is
known in nonlinear optics. In this paper we prove that the Gurevich-Zybin
system is equivalent to a degenerate case of the second harmonic generation.
Thus, the Gurevich-Zybin system is recognized as a degenerate first negative
flow of two-component Harry Dym hierarchy up to two Miura type transformations.
A reciprocal transformation between the Gurevich-Zybin system and degenerate
case of the second harmonic generation system is found. A new solution for the
second harmonic generation is presented in implicit form.Comment: Corrected typos and misprint
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