Cholestérol, lipoprotéines et athérosclérose : de la biochimie à la physiopathologie

L’athérosclérose, maladie multifactorielle, est un processus de vieillissement de l’artère avec accumulation de lipides (graisses) et de dépôts de calcaire. Le tissu devient fibreux, donnant lieu à un épaississement et à un durcissement de la paroi de l’artère. La formation d’un caillot sanguin (athérothrombose), dans un vaisseau atteint par l’athérosclérose, est à l’origine de la plupart des maladies cardiovasculaires. Les anomalies du métabolisme du cholestérol et des lipoprotéines, objet principal de cet article, constituent cependant une cause essentielle d’athérosclérose

Étude de la Sensibilité Aux Huiles Essentielles de Cinnamomum Verum, Eucalyptus Globulus, et Glycyrrhiza Glabra L Ainsi qu’aux Antibiotiques de Certains Germes Issus de la Restauration Collective

Food safety is still a very important topic of interest. The use of medicinal plants extracts can be an efficient alternative for fighting food-borne infections in the face of the increase of resistance to antibiotics. We have studied the sensitivity of bacterial strains isolated from food outlets using commonly used antibiotics (Amoxicillin, Vancomycin, Ceftriaxone, Teicoplanin, Rifampicin and Amikacin). This was done using an antibiogram. We have also tested their sensitivity against essential oils extracted from medicinal plants (Cinnamomum verum, Eucalyptus globulus, and Glycyrrhiza glabra L) using aromatogram. This study was conducted using 27 bacterial strains, including 9 Escherichia coli strains, 9 Staphylococcus aureus strains, 9 Salmonella spp. strains, and 3 ATCC strains (E. coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 et Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028). Results revealed that two plant extracts has a substantial antibacterial activity with zones of inhibition ranging from 10 to 25 mm, and it reached 35 mm when using a cocktail of plant extracts. Regarding the antibiotics we used, all strains of Salmonella spp. demonstrated a resistance to amoxicillin and to ceftriaxone. The tested strains of E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus had a partial resistance to the tested antibiotics, which confirms the results of previous studies

Etude des effets du chlorure d'aluminium sur la structure histologique du foie et de la rate des rates gestantes et leurs fœtus

Histological study of organs reflects the General State of animals, including, if they are subject to treatment. The purpose of our study is to elucidate the effect of the administration of different doses (50, 100 and 200 mg/Kg/day) of aluminum chloride during the days 9-13 of gestation on the histological structure of the liver and the spleen of pregnant rats and their offspring. In pregnant rats, AlCl3 leads, at the level of the liver, to a very important development of the connective tissue of the centrilobular vein, with inflammatory foci and hepatocyte injury. While at the level of the spleen, there is a development of the white pulp against the red pulp with an abundance of conjunctive fibres and dilation of the lining of arterioles, which reflects a failure of the circulatory system. The fetuses of rats treated by AlCl3, show no change in the histological structure of the spleen. The AlCl3 action is more marked than mothers in their fetuses. This certifies that the placenta forms a more or less selective barrier to some constituents, and that spleen in fetuses temporarily offset the effects of AlCl3L’étude histologique des organes reflète l’état général des animaux, notamment, si ceux-ci, sont sujets à un traitement. Le but de notre étude est d’élucider l’effet de l’administration de différentes doses (50, 100 et 200 mg d’AlCl3/Kg/j de chlorure d’aluminium durant les jours 9-13 de gestation sur la structure histologique du foie et de la rate des rates gestantes et de leur progéniture. Chez les rates gestantes, l’AlCl3 entraîne, au niveau du foie, un développement très important du tissu conjonctif de la veine centrolobulaire, avec apparition de foyers inflammatoires et lésion d’hépatocytes. Alors qu’au niveau de la rate, on note un développement de la pulpe blanche aux dépens de la pulpe rouge avec une abondance de fibres conjonctives et une dilatation de la paroi des artérioles, ce qui témoigne d’une défaillance du système circulatoire. Les fœtus des rates traitées par l’AlCl3, ne montrent aucune modification de la structure histologique de la rate. L’action d’AlCl3 est plus marquée chez les mères que chez leurs fœtus. Ceci atteste que le placenta forme une barrière plus ou moins sélective envers certains constituants, et que la rate des fœtus contrebalance momentanément les effets d’AlCl3

A review of Group B Streptococcus maternal-fetal infection

For a long time, infectious diseases have been a major public health problem, mainly maternal fetal infections linked to neonate’s mortality. Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) infection is one of the main infections, which threat mother-infant health. One of the major challenges that remains to be addressed is therapeutic care strategy, further, the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria which constitute a major challenge for clinicians. Concerning GBS an antibiotic prophylaxis regimen is adopted to reduce the vertical transmission of bacteria from mother to neonate and avoid the appearance of complications related to GBS infection such as early onset disease and late onset disease that can lead to stillbirths. Like most bacteria, GBS is susceptible to first-line antibiotics, and in case of resistance, therapy is based on second and third-line antibiotics. The drug susceptibility testing of microorganisms is therefore essential in the therapeutic strategy, because it not only facilitates the orientation of treatment but also help to set up a system supervising the expansion of resistant strains. This present paper constitutes a literature review on Streptococcus agalactiae maternal-fetal infection and summarizes some epidemiological studies on the emergence of this bacterium as well as it provides the prevalence of its resistance to antibiotics and outlines some vaccine development strategies

EFFETS DU CHLORURE D'ALUMINIUM SUR LA STRUCTURE HISTOLOGIQUE DES POUMONS, REINS ET INTESTIN DES RATS FEMELLES GESTANTES ET LEURS FŒTUS

The aim of our study is to elucidate the effects of the administration of different doses of aluminium chloride during 9-13 gestation day on organs histology of pregnant rats and their offspring. We have noted that in pregnant rats, there is a change on the histological structure of intestine especially on enterocytes, nuclei and basal lamina. In kidney, we have observed a lesion in proximal and distal tubes. In lungs, AlCl3 may decrease the alveolar diameter, an inflammation with necrosis of pneumocytes notably with the dose of 200 mg of AlCl3 /kg/day. In fetuses, AlCl3 may cause a detachment between the intestinal epithelium and the underlying conjonctif and a necrosis of renal and pulmonary cells. AlCl3 has an effect more marked in mother than their fetuses. This indicates that the placenta is a selective barrier towards some components.Le but de notre étude est d’élucider l’effet de l’administration de différentes doses de chlorure d’aluminium durant les jours 9-13 de gestation sur la structure histologique des poumons, reins et intestin des rates gestantes et de leur progéniture. Chez les rates gestantes, le traitement par AlCl3 entraîne au niveau de l’intestin, une modification des structures des entérocytes, noyaux et lames basales. Au niveau rénal, on observe des lésions des tubules proximaux et distaux. Au niveau des poumons, on constate une diminution du diamètre alvéolaire, une inflammation avec une nécrose des pneumocytes notamment pour la dose de 200 mg/kg/j. Chez les fœtus émanant de rates traitées par le chlorure d’aluminium, on observe un décollement entre l’épithélium intestinal et le conjonctif sous-jacent et une nécrose des cellules rénales et pulmonaires. L’action du chlorure d’aluminium est plus marquée chez les mères que chez leurs fœtus. Ceci atteste que le placenta forme une barrière plus ou moins sélective vis-à-vis de certains constituants vers les fœtus

The interest of informative ancestry markers (AIM) and their fields of application

This review focuses on the study of biogeographic ancestry using the Accurate Ancestry Identification Panel. Autosomal markers may provide little information about the nature of an individual's admixture due to ongoing human recombination and migration. Biogeographic ancestry assessment (BGA) is a term used to describe ancestry through DNA testing. This is usually accomplished by testing specific regions of DNA called ancestry information markers (AIMs). AIMs are chosen because they expose significantly different frequencies between different populations in different parts of the world. The panels of these AIMs can be assessed using next-generation sequencing (NGS) to predict the geographical origins of a person of interest's ancestors, usually in terms of continent of origin, and sometimes by smaller geographic regions. The use of ancestry informative markers (AIM) to identify genomic ancestry can be useful for a variety of studies in evolutionary genetics, biomedical research, and forensic analyses. However, there remains a major challenge in determining AIMs for populations with complex and highly mixed ancestry

Molecular and phenotypic characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Pediatric Hospital in Morocco

SUMMARY Introduction: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the leading causes of infections acquired in both community and hospital settings associated with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Resistance to methicillin in S. aureus is mediated by PBP2a, a penicillin-binding protein with low affinity to beta-lactams, encoded by the mecA gene. Accurate susceptibility testing of  S . aureus isolates and screening of patients for colonization with MRSA are important tools to limit the spread of this organism.Methods: This study was conducted  from  December 2010  to Mai 2014 in a Mother Child Hospital CHU Mohamed VI  Marrakech in Morocco. The Extreme Age was: 2 Days - 15 years with an average age of  24 months, a total of  259 S . aureus were collected from various clinical specimens, fifty three isolates identified as MRSA using antibiogram, disc diffusion method, and PCR  to determine staphylococcal chromosome cassette mec (SCCmec).Results: All isolates from neonates were resistant to Penicillin, Oxacillin, all were susceptible to the Vancomycin, and Pristinamicin, 28 (52.83%) were resistant to Kanamycin, 27(50.94%) isolates were resistant to Pefloxacin, Tobramycin resistance was observed in 26 (49.06%) isolates, twenty four of isolates 53 (45.28%) were resistant to Erythromycin 21 (39.62%) to Gentamicin, Tetracycline resistance was observed in 19 (35.85%) isolates, resistance was also observed in 16 (30.19%) strains to both Rifampin and Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, in 9 (16.98%) strains to fusidic acid, in 5 (9.43%) strains to Tigecycline, and in four strains (7.5%) to Chloramphenicol, only one (1.89%) strains to Lincomicin. SCCmec-III was the dominant SCCmec type (47.17%), followed by SCCmec-IV  (33.96%), SCCmec-II (11.32%), SCCmecV (5.66%) and SCCmec I (1.89%) were the less common,  SCCmec Type -VI  is absent in all strains.Conclusion: The need for routine surveillance of child for resistant methicillin staphylococcus aureus to reduce child morbidity caused by the organism has therefore been revealed by this study.