Der ostdeutsche Agrarsektor im Transformationsprozess: Ausgangssituation, Entwicklung und Problembereiche

Die Entwicklung des ostdeutschen Agrarsektors seit der Wiedervereinigung steht im Mittelpunkt dieses Discussion Papers. Dabei werden in deskriptiver Form die Problembereiche des Transformationsprozesses aufgezeigt sowie Veränderungen hinsichtlich der Agrarproduktion und -struktur dargestellt. Es zeigt sich, dass die Landwirtschaft in den Neuen Bundesländern nach mehr als 15 Jahren noch immer deutliche Unterschiede zum Westen Deutschlands aufweist. Diese Differenzen liegen insbesondere in der Vielfalt der Rechtsformen, dem deutlich höheren Pachtflächenanteil, dem geringeren Viehbesatz sowie der größeren Flächenausstattung der Betriebe in Ostdeutschland. Der zu beobachtende Strukturwandel des deutschen Agrarsektors zeigt jedoch, dass infolge der agrarpolitischen Maßnahmen der Europäischen Union das westdeutsche Leitbild einer bäuerlichen Agrarstruktur zunehmend dem Vorbild der großbetrieblichen Landwirtschaft des Ostens weichen muss. -- E N G L I S H V E R S I O N: This Discussion Paper focuses on developments of the agricultural sector in the federal states of the former Eastern Germany after German reunification. Descriptive analysis is involved to display problems of transition process and changes in agricultural production and structures. The results of the analysis report considerable differences in the agricultural sector between New and Old Federal States after 15 years after the reunification. These differences are especially to find in a variety of existing legal forms, considerably higher share of rented land, lower cattle stock as well as larger farm size of the farms in the New Federal States. Observed structural changes of the German agricultural sector display that due to European Union measures the West German model of small farm structures will have to give way of New Federal States model of large farms.Neue Bundesländer,Transformationsprozess,Agrarstruktur,New Bundeslaender,transition,agricultural structure

Zur Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der ostdeutschen Landwirtschaft nach der EU-Osterweiterung

Den Schwerpunkt dieses Discussion Papers bildet eine Effizienzanalyse landwirtschaftlicher Unternehmen Sachsen-Anhalts und Tschechiens. Mittels der Data Envelopment Analysis, einer nicht-parametrischen, auf linearer Programmierung basierenden Methode der Effizienzmessung, wurden die technischen, reinen technischen und Skaleneffizienzen der Agrarunternehmen kurz vor der Osterweiterung untersucht. Ziel war es, signifikante Unterschiede zwischen Unternehmen verschiedener Rechtsformen, Betriebstypen und Betriebsgrößen zu identifizieren, um Rückschlüsse auf die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit des ostdeutschen Agrarsektors zu ziehen. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass im Untersuchungszeitraum massive Unsicherheiten auftraten. Ungünstige Witterungsbedingungen, steigende Betriebsmittelpreise sowie sinkende Erzeugerpreise wirkten sich in beiden Ländern effizienzmindernd aus. Die Effizienz zahlreicher Agrarunternehmen Sachsen-Anhalts wurde darüber hinaus durch den verstärkten Bodenkauf negativ beeinflusst, während in Tschechien insbesondere akute Probleme im betriebsinternen Bereich auftraten. -- E N G L I S H V E R S I O N: The main focus of this Discussion Paper the analysis of the efficiency of agricultural enterprises in Sachsen-Anhalt and the Czech Republic. Using the Data Envelopment Analysis, a nonparametric, based on linear programming approach of efficiency measurement the technical, pure technical and scale efficiency of agricultural enterprises on verge of the eastern enlargement has been analysed. The object was to identify significant differences between enterprises of various legal forms, specialisation and farm size, to draw conclusions to the competitiveness of the agricultural sector of Eastern Germany. It has appeared, that there occurred massive uncertainties during investigation time. Unfavourable influences of the weather, increasing prices of operational resources as soon as decreasing producer prices effected lower efficiency in both countries. In addition, the efficiency of numerous farms in Sachsen-Anhalt were affected negatively by strengthened soil purchase, while in the Czech Republic particularly acute internal problems arised.Efficiency,productivity,transition,Data Envelopment Analysis,Effizienz,Produktivität,Transformation,Data Envelopment Analysis

АГРАРНЫЙ СЕКТОР ВОСТОЧНОЙ ГЕРМАНИИ В ПЕРЕХОДНОМ ПЕРИОДЕ – ИСХОДНАЯ СИТУАЦИЯ, РАЗВИТИЕ И ОСНОВНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ

"Дискуссионные материалы" анализируют развитие аграрного сектора бывшей восточ- ной Германии после воссоединения Германии. С помощью дескриптивного анализа про- водится описание проблем трансформационных процессов, а также изменения в аграр- ном производстве и структурe сектора. Анализ показывает, что спустя 15 лет после вос- соединения Германии, сельское хозяйство в новых федеральных землях Германии значи- тельно отличается от старых федеральных земель. Разница особенно заметна в наличии высокого числа правовых форм предприятий, значительно повышенной доли арендуемой земли, пониженным поголовьем скота, а также размером предприятий. Наблюдаемые изменения в немецком аграрном секторе показывают, что под влиянием аграрно-поли- тических мер Европейского союза, западно-немецкая модель маленьких предприятий со временем должна уступить восточно-немецкой моделе больших предприятий. -- E N G L I S H V E R S I O N: This Discussion Paper focuses on developments of the agricultural sector in the federal states of the former Eastern Germany after German reunification. Descriptive analysis is involved to display problems of transition process and changes in agricultural production and structures. The results of the analysis report considerable differences in the agricultural sector between New and Old Federal States after 15 years after the reunification. These differences are especially to find in a variety of existing legal forms, considerably higher share of rented land, lower cattle stock as well as larger farm size of the farms in the New Federal States. Observed structural changes of the German agricultural sector display that due to European Union measures the West German model of small farm structures will have to give way of New Federal States model of large farms.Новые федеральные земли Германии,трансформационный процесс,аграрные структуры,New Bundeslaender,transition,agricultural structure

Factor Markets in Applied Equilibrium Models: The current state and planned extensions towards an improved presentation of factor markets in agriculture. Factor Markets Working Paper No. 23, February 2012

This paper describes how factor markets are presented in applied equilibrium models and how we plan to improve and to extend the presentation of factor markets in two specific models: MAGNET and ESIM. We do not argue that partial equilibrium models should become more ‘general’ in the sense of integrating all factor markets, but that the shift of agricultural income policies to decoupled payments linked to land in the EU necessitates the inclusion of land markets in policy-relevant modelling tools. To this end, this paper outlines options to integrate land markets in partial equilibrium models. A special feature of general equilibrium models is the inclusion of fully integrated factor markets in the system of equations to describe the functionality of a single country or a group of countries. Thus, this paper focuses on the implementation and improved representation of agricultural factor markets (land, labour and capital) in computable general equilibrium (CGE) models. This paper outlines the presentation of factor markets with an overview of currently applied CGE models and describes selected options to improve and extend the current factor market modelling in the MAGNET model, which also uses the results and empirical findings of our partners in this FP project

School Milk Consumption in Germany - What are Important Product Attributes for Children and Parents?

Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety,

School milk demand in Germany: The role of individual and contextual factors - preliminary results

Replaced with revised version of paper 12/01/11.Demand and Price Analysis,

Factor Markets in General Computable Equilibrium Models. Factor Markets Working Document No. 47, May 2013

One objective of Computable general equilibrium (CGE) models is the analysis of economy-wide effects of policy measures. The focus of the Factor Markets project is to analyse the functioning of factor markets for agriculture in the EU-27, including the Candidate Countries. While agricultural and food markets are fully integrated in a European single market, subject to an EU-wide common policy, the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), this is not the case for the agricultural factor markets capital, labour and land. There are partly serious differences with regard to member state regulations and institutions affecting land, labour and capital markets. The presentation of this heterogeneity of factor markets amongst EU Member States have been implemented in the CGE models to improve model-based analyses of the CAP and other policy measures affecting agricultural production. This final report comprises the outcome of a systematic extension and improvement of the Modular Applied GeNeral Equilibrium Tool (MAGNET) model starting from an overview of the current state of the art to represent factor markets in CGE models to a description of work on labour, land and capital in MAGNET

Variability in the Alignment of Number and Space Across Languages and Tasks

While the domains of space and number appear to be linked in human brains and minds, their conceptualization still differs across languages and cultures. For instance, frames of reference for spatial descriptions vary according to task, context, and cultural background, and the features of the mental number line depend on formal education and writing direction. To shed more light on the influence of culture/language and task on such conceptualizations, we conducted a large-scale survey with speakers of five languages that differ in writing systems, preferences for spatial and temporal representations, and/or composition of number words. Here, we report data obtained from tasks on ordered arrangements, including numbers, letters, and written text. Comparing these data across tasks, domains, and languages indicates that, even within a single domain, representations may differ depending on task characteristics, and that the degree of cross-domain alignment varies with domains and culture