Crocodylus moreletii

Number of Pages: 3Integrative BiologyGeological Science

Crocodylus acutus

Number of Pages: 17Integrative BiologyGeological Science

Alligator mississippiensis

Number of Pages: 14Integrative BiologyGeological Science

Fusulinids from the Word Formation (Permian), Glass Mountains, Texas

Within the Permian Word Formation, Glass Mountains. Texas, five ecological associations based on fusulinid species Intertongue complexly. The lateral ranges of species apparently relate to lateral changes of the dominant rock type in the formation and the vertical ranges reflect the expansion of newly evolved species and the gradual extinction of old species. Of the ten species described, the following four are new: Parafusulina wildei, P. sullivanensis, P. ironensis, and Parafusulina sp. A. The geographic ranges of P. lineata, P. deliclasensis, and P. aiitimonioensis are extended to include the Word Formation in the Glass Mountains

Pennsylvanian and Early Permian Depositional Framework, Southeastern Arizona

This summary of the Pennsylvanian and Early Permian depositional framework in southeastern Arizona and adjacent regions is based in large part on the data and conclusions presented earlier in more detail by Ross (1973, 1978). The general stratigraphy of the Pedregosa, Orogrande and Permian basins and much of the literature has recently been summarized by Greenwood and others (1977). In southeastern Arizona, Pennsylvanian and Permian strata are well exposed in many of the Basin and Range uplifts, where they may be studied in considerable detail. Mesozoic and Cenozoic structures, including local thrust faulting, and the attendant possibility of considerable lateral displacement of some Paleozoic stratigraphic sections, tend to obscure the late Paleozoic tectonic and depositional framework in part of this region. Also much of the Pennsylvanian and Early Permian (Wolfcampian) strata are lithologically similar, being generally well-bedded, medium to light gray limestone and shale with minor amounts of sandstone and conglomerate that locally may reach a combined thickness of 1200 m (4000 ft). This combination of similar lithologic units that extend through considerable thickness of section and the overprint of major Mesozoic and Cenozoic structural disturbances have caused difficulty in recognizing stratigraphic position within this part of the section. Studies of the biostratigraphy of this succession started with aid and encouragement from Floyd F. Sabins, Willis W. Tyrrell and others because of the abundance of fusulinaceans in several sections in the area (Sabins and Ross, 1963, 1965; Ross and Sabins, 1965; Ross and Tyrrell, 1965; Ross, 1969a). The results of these studies indicated that the different series and stages of the Pennsylvanian and Early Permian, as identified by fusulinacean zones, were represented by markedly different thicknesses in relatively nearby sections. Clearly additional field work and data was needed. In the succeeding three years the author measured and collected from many stratigraphic sections in southeastern Arizona (fig. 1) to form as complete a coverage as seemed possible. Many sections were restudied several times. A total of more than 800 fusulinacean-bearing rocks were collected and assigned ages in these stratigraphic sections

Fusulinids from the Leonard Formation (Permian), Western Glass Mountains, Texas

From the Leonard Formation in the western part of the Glass Mountains, eleven species of fusulinids are recognized. The lowest member of the formation, member A, has Schwagerina dugoutensis n. sp., S. hawkinsi Dunbar and Skinner, S. hessensis Dunbar and Skinner, S. crassitectoria Dunbar and Skinner, S. guembeli Dunbar and Skinner, Monodiexodina linearis (Dunbar and Skinner), Parafusulina leonardensis n. sp., and P. allisonensis Ross. The middle member, member B, contains Schwagerina hessensis, S. hawkinsi?, Parafusulina spissisepta Ross, P. leonardensis, and Schubertella muellerriedi Thompson and Miller. Member C at the top of the formation has the distinctive species Parafusulina durhami Thompson and Miller. In the shelf deposits that form the Leonard Formation in the western part of the Glass Mountains, the base of member B is believed to correlate with the Hess fossil bed in the upper part of the Hess Member of the basin deposits of the eastern part of the Glass Mountains. Member C is correlative with the beds overlying the Hess Member. Several fusulinid species from near the base of the Leonardian Series show close similarity with species from the Sterlitamak beds of the Russian Sakmarian Series and fusulinid species from higher beds in the Leonardian bear close resemblance to those from the Russian Artinskian Series

Fusulinids from the Cyathophyllum Limestone, Central Vestspitsbergen

Thirteen species of fusulinids are illustrated and described from eleven collections within the Cyathophyllum Limestone of central Vestspitsbergen. The lower collections at Tempelfjorden and the collection from Mount Lykta contain Schubertella transitoria, Triticites arcticus, and Schwageriiia anderssoni and other species typical of the Carboniferous zones C3C through C3E of the Ural region of the U.S.S.R. It is suggested that “Fusulinella usvae is a species of Waeringella. Higher collections at Tempelfjorden include Parafusulina furnishi n. sp. and Pseudofusulinella tempelensis n. sp. and a loose block from higher in the succession includes Schwagerina globosa and Monodiexodina cf. M. paralinearis which are suggestive of a late Sakmarian or early Artinskian (Permian) age

FUSULINID SEQUENCE EVOLUTION AND SEQUENCE EXTINCTIONIN WOLFCAMPIAN AND LEONARDIAN SERIES (LOWER PERMIAN),GLASS MOUNTAINS, WEST TEXAS

In the Permian Wolfcampian and Leonardian Series of West Texas, sequence evolution and sequence extinction record the appearance and disappearance of morphological species in stratigraphic successions that show repeated sea level fluctuations and associated depositional hiatuses. The lower Wolfcampian Nealian Stage includes 16 relatively short term sea-level fluctuations (fourth-order depositional sequences) and contains a diverse fusulinid fauna of more than 39 species and eight genera.  Most Nealian species range through three or four fourth-order cycles before becoming extinct and none extends into the overlying upper Wolfcampian Lenoxian Stage.  The succeeding Lenox Hills Formation overlies a tectonic unconformity (and hiatus) and includes three third-order depositional sequences.  Four Lenoxian species are restricted to the lower sequence, 16 to the middle sequence, and six to the upper sequence. In the Leonardian Series, at the base, the Hessian Stage includes seven third-order depositional sequences and numerous minor fourth-order and smaller parasequences.  Hessian carbonate platform facies have low fusulinid species diversity and high abundances.  The lower four Hessian lowstand clastic wedges of the shelf margin and basin include at least six species of schwagerinids.  The three upper wedges include only three species of Parafusulina. The Cathedralian (upper) Stage has one main third-order depositional sequence, and perhaps a second, which is mostly missing on the platform below the Mid-Permian unconformity below the Middle Permian Guadalupian Series. Suggested correlations of the Wolfcampian and Leonardian with the Tethyan succession in Darvas and the Pamirs of Middle Asia place the Nealian as equivalent to the Asselian and Sakmarian. The Lenoxian is probably equivalent to the lower and middle parts of the Yakhtashian.  The Hessian is equivalent to the upper part of the Yakhtashian and the Bolorian. The Cathedralian seems to be equivalent to the Kubergandian. There is little evidence that the upper part of the Kubergandian extends higher into the Middle Permian Roadian Stage.&nbsp

Biostratigraphic Zonation of Late Paleozoic Depositional Sequences

Correlation of more than seventy third-order depositional sequences in Carboniferous and Permian strata uses assemblage zones of warm water benthic and nektonic shelf faunas. These include calcareous foraminifers, bryozoans, conodonts, and ammonoids and represent tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate water faunas from carbonate shelves and adjacent cratonic basins. After the Early Carboniferous faunal zonation was highly provincial and worldwide correlations of depositional sequences are based on interpretations of evolutionary lineages and depositional patterns in each province and in identifying times of limited dispersals between provinces. Associated with these faunal zones there were times of expanded or reduced faunal diversities and temperature related latitudinal expansion or reduction of faunas. Higher sea levels during warmer times enhanced faunal evolution and diversity and lower sea levels during cooler times dampened evolution and diversity and resulted in many species becoming extinct. After the Early Carboniferous, provincial faunal zonations and evolutionary lineages developed as a consequence of the formation of Lesser Pangaea. Further isolation of these provinces resulted in faunal realms in the middle Early Permian after the formation of Greater Pangaea

Neuronal networks in the developing brain are adversely modulated by early psychosocial neglect

The brain's neural circuitry plays a ubiquitous role across domains in cognitive processing and undergoes extensive re-organization during the course of development in part as a result of experience. In this paper we investigated the effects of profound early psychosocial neglect associated with institutional rearing on the development of task-independent brain networks, estimated from longitudinally acquired electroencephalographic (EEG) data from <30 to 96 months, in three cohorts of children from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP), including abandoned children reared in institutions who were randomly assigned either to a foster care intervention or to remain in care as usual and never institutionalized children. Two aberrantly connected brain networks were identified in children that had been reared in institutions: 1) a hyper-connected parieto-occipital network, which included cortical hubs and connections that may partially overlap with default-mode network and 2) a hypo-connected network between left temporal and distributed bilateral regions, both of which were aberrantly connected across neural oscillations. This study provides the first evidence of the adverse effects of early psychosocial neglect on the wiring of the developing brain. Given these networks' potentially significant role in various cognitive processes, including memory, learning, social communication and language, these findings suggest that institutionalization in early life may profoundly impact the neural correlates underlying multiple cognitive domains, in ways that may not be fully reversible in the short term