DISCUSSÕES ACERCA DA MEDICALIZAÇÃO ASSOCIADA AO PROCESSO DE INCLUSÃO ESCOLAR: o caso do transtorno opositor desafiante

Este artigo tem por objetivo discutir a medicalização e a proliferação de laudos no âmbito da Inclusão escolar. Para tanto, é apresentado brevemente os processos de Integração e Inclusão, conforme recomendados pelas políticas públicas brasileiras, além da compreensão que se tem desses processos e dos reflexos que conceitos equivocados têm na prática escolar. Em seguida, o conceito de medicalização é apresentado juntamente com uma discussão histórica, relacionando-a aos processos de escolarização. Por fim, a medicação é problematizada na Educação Especial na perspectiva da Educação Inclusiva ao trazer à baila o caso do Transtorno Opositor Desafiante (TOD) que faz parte de uma tendência que crescente medicalização da infância. Diante do exposto, o artigo traz uma reflexão e, ao mesmo tempo, um alerta para os profissionais da Educação em relação às cautelas quanto a classificação dos alunos e o crescimento da procura por laudos, o que beneficia a indústria farmacêutica e o saber psiquiátrico, mas não a Educação Inclusiva como um todo

Is the BCG Vaccine Safe for Undernourished Individuals?

Cellular immunity is critical for protection against tuberculosis, but its integrity is compromised during undernutrition. The present study was designed to evaluate if the attenuated mycobacterium BCG is a safe vaccine for undernourished individuals. An experimental model of undernutrition was established by subjecting BALB/c mice to dietary restriction. These animals received 70% of the amount of food consumed by the healthy control group and exhibited physiological alterations compatible with malnutrition, including body weight loss, reduced levels of triglycerides and glucose, and reduced lymphocyte numbers. Undernourished mice were immunized with BCG, and the mycobacterial loads in lymph nodes, spleen, liver, lungs, and thymus were determined. A much higher proportion of undernourished mice exhibited bacterial dissemination to the lymph nodes, spleen and liver. In addition, only undernourished animals had bacteria in the lungs and thymus. Concomitant with higher mycobacterial loads and more widespread BCG dissemination in undernourished mice, production of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-10 was also diminished in these mice. Taken together, these results indicate that BCG infection is more severe in undernourished mice. Whether a similar phenomenon exists in undernourished children or not remains to be thoroughly investigated

Is the BCG Vaccine Safe for Undernourished Individuals?

Cellular immunity is critical for protection against tuberculosis, but its integrity is compromised during undernutrition. The present study was designed to evaluate if the attenuated mycobacterium BCG is a safe vaccine for undernourished individuals. An experimental model of undernutrition was established by subjecting BALB/c mice to dietary restriction. These animals received 70% of the amount of food consumed by the healthy control group and exhibited physiological alterations compatible with malnutrition, including body weight loss, reduced levels of triglycerides and glucose, and reduced lymphocyte numbers. Undernourished mice were immunized with BCG, and the mycobacterial loads in lymph nodes, spleen, liver, lungs, and thymus were determined. A much higher proportion of undernourished mice exhibited bacterial dissemination to the lymph nodes, spleen and liver. In addition, only undernourished animals had bacteria in the lungs and thymus. Concomitant with higher mycobacterial loads and more widespread BCG dissemination in undernourished mice, production of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-10 was also diminished in these mice. Taken together, these results indicate that BCG infection is more severe in undernourished mice. Whether a similar phenomenon exists in undernourished children or not remains to be thoroughly investigated

Is the BCG vaccine safe for undernourished individuals?

Cellular immunity is critical for protection against tuberculosis, but its integrity is compromised during undernutrition. The present study was designed to evaluate if the attenuated mycobacterium BCG is a safe vaccine for undernourished individuals. An experimental model of undernutrition was established by subjecting BALB/c mice to dietary restriction. These animals received 70% of the amount of food consumed by the healthy control group and exhibited physiological alterations compatible with malnutrition, including body weight loss, reduced levels of triglycerides and glucose, and reduced lymphocyte numbers. Undernourished mice were immunized with BCG, and the mycobacterial loads in lymph nodes, spleen, liver, lungs, and thymus were determined. A much higher proportion of undernourished mice exhibited bacterial dissemination to the lymph nodes, spleen and liver. In addition, only undernourished animals had bacteria in the lungs and thymus. Concomitant with higher mycobacterial loads and more widespread BCG dissemination in undernourished mice, production of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-10 was also diminished in these mice. Taken together, these results indicate that BCG infection is more severe in undernourished mice. Whether a similar phenomenon exists in undernourished children or not remains to be thoroughly investigated

Commercial Bovine Proteoglycan Is Highly Arthritogenic and Can Be Used as an Alternative Antigen Source for PGIA Model

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common systemic autoimmune disease. It affects mainly the joints, causing synovitis, cartilage destruction, and bone erosion. Many experimental models are used to study the mechanisms involved in immunopathogenesis and new therapies for this disease. Proteoglycan-induced arthritis (PGIA) is a widely used model based on the cross-reactivity of injected foreign (usually human) PG and mice self-PG. Considering the complexity of the extraction and purification of human PG, in this study we evaluated the arthritogenicity of bovine PG that is commercially available. Bovine PG was highly arthritogenic, triggering 100% incidence of arthritis in female BALB/c retired breeder mice. Animals immunized with bovine PG presented clinical symptoms and histopathological features similar to human RA and other experimental models. Moreover, bovine PG immunization determined higher levels of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in arthritic mice compared to healthy ones. As expected, only the arthritic group produced IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies against PG. Thus, commercial bovine PG can be used as an alternative antigenic source to PGIA for the study of many RA aspects, including the immunopathogenesis of the disease and also the development of new therapies

Persistent Inflammation in the CNS during Chronic EAE Despite Local Absence of IL-17 Production

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an artificially induced demyelination of the central nervous system (CNS) that resembles multiple sclerosis in its clinical, histopathological, and immunological features. Activated Th1 and Th17 cells are thought to be the main immunological players during EAE development. This study was designed to evaluate peripheral and local contribution of IL-17 to acute and chronic EAE stages. C57BL/6 mice were immunized with MOG plus complete Freund's adjuvant followed by pertussis toxin. Mice presented an initial acute phase characterized by accentuated weight loss and high clinical score, followed by a partial recovery when the animals reached normal body weight and smaller clinical scores. Spleen cells stimulated with MOG produced significantly higher levels of IFN-γ during the acute period whereas similar IL-17 levels were produced during both disease stages. CNS-infiltrating cells stimulated with MOG produced similar amounts of IFN-γ but, IL-17 was produced only at the acute phase of EAE. The percentage of Foxp3+ Treg cells, at the spleen and CNS, was elevated during both phases. The degree of inflammation was similar at both disease stages. Partial clinical recovery observed during chronic EAE was associated with no IL-17 production and presence of Foxp3+ Treg cells in the CNS

Avaliação do comportamento reológico de diferentes géis hidrofílicos

The nature of polymers used in gel formulation may interfere in the rheological behavior and physical stability of the product, affecting the customer's acceptance. The rheology has been a great and important subject for cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, considering that the product consistence and spreading must be reproduced each lot, assuring the technological quality of the finished product. The purpose of this research was to settle the rheological behavior of different hydrophilic gels: two gels prepared with carbomers and one with acrylates crosspolymer. For this study a Cone and Plate rheometer was used. The studied formulations were stored at 25º and 40 ºC and the samples were analyzed between 1 and 28 days. High temperature influenced the physical stability of all gels; the gel prepared with acrylates crosspolymer presented the greatest pseudoplastic while the ones composed with carbomers presented higher thixotropy.O tipo de polímero empregado na formulação de gel pode influenciar no comportamento reológico e na estabilidade física do produto e até mesmo, afetar a aceitabilidade deste pelo consumidor. A reologia tem sido assunto de grande e crescente importância para as indústrias cosmética e farmacêutica, tendo em vista que a consistência e o espalhamento dos produtos devem ser reproduzidos de lote para lote, assegurando a qualidade tecnológica do produto acabado. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar o comportamento reológico de diferentes géis hidrofílicos: dois geis preparados com polímeros dos ácidos carboxivinílicos e um com polímero do ácido poliacrílico. Para este estudo utilizou-se o reômetro Cone & Placa. As formulações estudadas foram estocadas nas temperaturas 25 e 40 ºC e amostras destas foram analisadas nos tempos 1 e 28 dias. Pode-se verificar que a temperatura elevada influenciou na estabilidade física de todos os géis e que o gel preparado com ácido poliacrílico apresentou a maior pseudoplasticidade enquanto os constituídos de ácidos carboxivinílicos apresentaram maior tixotropia

pVAXhsp65 vaccination primes for high IL-10 production and decreases experimental encephalomyelitis severity

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a demyelinating pathology of the central nervous system (CNS) used as a model to study multiple sclerosis immunopathology. EAE has also been extensively employed to evaluate potentially therapeutic schemes. Considering the presence of an immune response directed to heat shock proteins (hsps) in autoimmune diseases and the immunoregulatory potential of these molecules, we evaluated the effect of a previous immunization with a genetic vaccine containing the mycobacterial hsp65 gene on EAE development. C57BL/6 mice were immunized with 4 pVAXhsp65 doses and 14 days later were submitted to EAE induction by immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35-55) emulsified in Complete Freund’s Adjuvant. Vaccinated mice presented significant lower clinical scores and lost less body weight. MOG35-55 immunization also determined less inflammation in lumbar spinal cord but did not change CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells frequency in spleen and CNS. Infiltrating cells from the CNS stimulated with rhsp65 produced significantly higher levels of IL-10. These results suggest that the ability of pVAXhsp65 vaccination to control EAE development is associated with IL-10 induction