The distribution and role of causal beliefs ...

-The purpose of this study was to explore the distribution and role of causal beliefs, inferences of responsibility, and moral emotions on deservingness of help to addicts among Norwegian adults using the social motivational model of Weiner. The data derives from a web panel survey of Norwegian adults aged 20 to 69 years (N = 1062, response rate 67%) in 2011. They responded to a questionnaire tapping into the above measures for nine different addictions in terms of a hypothetical person: "Think of a person addicted to-." The respondents mainly located the cause of the addictions inside the person and attributed the responsibility for the problem to the individual. In general, addicted persons did not receive a high mean level of sympathy, whereas a high mean level of willingness to provide help and assistance was reported. However, there were substantial variations among the nine addictions as to mean rating levels, with snus and sedatives as the two extreme counterparts. Separate SEM analyses for the nine addictions showed support for Weiner's mediation model with inferences of responsibility and sympathy (moral emotion) as effective mediators for deservingness of help. This pattern was stable across the nine addictions. Implications for interventions and possible limitations are discussed.Studien undersøker hva nordmenn mener om ni former for avhengighet: kokain, heroin, amfetamin, hasj, beroligende legemidler, snus, røyking, pengespill og alkohol. 1000 voksne nordmenn fikk spørsmål om: Hva de mente var årsaken til avhengigheten Om den avhengige burde holdes ansvarlig for sin avhengighet Om de følte sympati eller sinne mot den som var avhengig Om den avhengige fortjente hjelp Resultatene viste at de spurte i hovedsak plasserte årsak og ansvar for avhengigheten hos den avhengige selv.Avhengige individer utløste heller ikke mye sympati, men et relativt høyt nivå når det gjaldt å fortjene hjelp. Det var imidlertid relativt store variasjoner mellom de ulike formene for avhengighet. Av de ni avhengighetene mente folk at snusbrukere fortjente minst hjelp, mens folk som var avhengige av beroligende legemidler fortjente mest hjelp. Om metoden Et utvalg (såkalt nettpanel) bestående av 1062 voksne nordmenn i alderen 20-69 deltok i 2011 i en spørreundersøkelse. Deltagerne ble bedt om å tenke på en person (hypotetisk) som var avhengig av ni former for avhengighet. Deretter svarte de på et spørreskjema som baserte seg på en teoretisk modell (Weiner’s modell for ansvarstilskriving) for hjelpeatferd. Weiner foreslår at en legperson først vurderer om årsaken til at denne personen er blitt avhengig befinner seg hos personen selv (indre årsak) eller utenfor (ytre årsak). Deretter om personen skal holdes ansvarlig for sin avhengighet, for så å vurdere hvor mye sympati og sinne (moralske emosjoner) den avhengige utløser, før en bestemmer seg for hvor mye hjelp han eller hun fortjener. Analysene viste at modellen passet for alle formene for avhengighet, og ga støtte til Weiner’s modell der ansvar og moralske emosjoner fungerte som formidlere av virkningen på mengden av fortjent hjelp

Seabed sediments (grain size) of Nordland VI, offshore north Norway

This paper presents a seabed sediments (grain size) map of the Nordland VI area (25,000 km2) off the Lofoten islands, north Norway. The map is based on multibeam echosounder data (bathymetry and backscatter), visual analysis of 215 video transects (each 700-m long), and visual and grain-size analysis of seabed sediment samples from 40 sampling stations acquired by grabs, boxcores and multicores. A total of 14 sediment classes were identified, with sediments varying in grain size from mud to boulders. Seabed types also include bedrock and bioclastic sediments from degrading cold-water coral reefs. The continental shelf is mostly characterised by coarse-grained sediments such as gravelly sand and sandy gravel, especially in till areas. In basins and glacial troughs, finer-grained sediments such as sandy mud and muddy sand dominate. The upper continental slope (300–600-m water depth) is characterised by coarse-grained sediments related to the influence of the strong north-east flowing Norwegian Atlantic Current. In deeper areas, finer-grained sediments are prominent. Below 1000-m depth, mostly mud and mud with sediment blocks occur

Contour current driven continental slope-situated sandwaves with effects from secondary current processes on the Barents Sea margin offshore Norway

Seabed data acquired from the southern Barents Sea continental margin offshore Norway reveal detailed morphology of large sandwave fields. Multibeam echosounder bathymetry and backscatter, shallow seismic, sediment samples and seabed video data collected by the MAREANO program have been used to describe and interpret the morphology, distribution and transport of the sandwaves. The bedforms lie on a slope dominated by relict glacial forms and muddy/sandy/gravelly sediments. Sandwave migration across small gravity mass failures of the glacial mud constrains the field initiation as early post glacial or later. The contour-parallel nature of the fields and crestlines normal to the bathymetry contours and the geostrophic Norwegian Atlantic Current (NwAC) demonstrate that the NNW-flowing oceanographic circulation is the primary driving current. The fields coincide with the depth range at which a transition between warm, saline and underlying cooler, less saline waters fluctuate across the seabed. Statistically rigorous measurements of height, width and various parameters of slope and symmetry confirm a tendency to downstream (NNW) sandwave migration but with significant exceptions. Anomalous bedform symmetry domains within the fields are tuned to meso-scale topography along (relict) glacial debris flow chutes, indicating current focusing. Upstream and upper slope-derived winnowed sand transport eroded from the glacial sediments is the supposed source. Sandwave flank slope values are comparable to the regional slope such that the gravitational vector would have a cumulative downslope migration affect unless balanced by upslope drivers. Perpendicular cross-cutting of stoss face 3-D ripples by linear (2-D) ripples in the sandwave troughs and lee faces is evidence for non-synchronous, episodic current variations. Though deep Ekman transport and internal wave action are unproven here, these could explain chute-related tuning of bedform symmetry through funneling in the debris flow chutes and favor sand recycling, thus contributing to long-term maintenance of the sandwave field

Seabed sediments (grain size) of Nordland VI, offshore north Norway

<p>This paper presents a seabed sediments (grain size) map of the Nordland VI area (25,000 km²) off the Lofoten islands, north Norway. The map is based on multibeam echosounder data (bathymetry and backscatter), visual analysis of 215 video transects (each 700-m long), and visual and grain-size analysis of seabed sediment samples from 40 sampling stations acquired by grabs, boxcores and multicores. A total of 14 sediment classes were identified, with sediments varying in grain size from mud to boulders. Seabed types also include bedrock and bioclastic sediments from degrading cold-water coral reefs. The continental shelf is mostly characterised by coarse-grained sediments such as gravelly sand and sandy gravel, especially in till areas. In basins and glacial troughs, finer-grained sediments such as sandy mud and muddy sand dominate. The upper continental slope (300–600-m water depth) is characterised by coarse-grained sediments related to the influence of the strong north-east flowing Norwegian Atlantic Current. In deeper areas, finer-grained sediments are prominent. Below 1000-m depth, mostly mud and mud with sediment blocks occur.</p