Table_S2

Identity of RFLP patterns (see Fig. S4) observed for ectomycorrhizal fungi on seedling root tips infected from faecal pellets in our study. Identities were determined by DNA sequencing of representative samples for each patter

Data from: Novel interactions between non-native mammals and fungi facilitate establishment of invasive pines

1. The role of novel ecological interactions between mammals, fungi and plants in invaded ecosystems remains unresolved, but may play a key role in the widespread successful invasion of pines and their ectomycorrhizal fungal associates, even where mammal faunas originate from different continents to trees and fungi as in New Zealand. 2. We examine the role of novel mammal associations in dispersal of ectomycorrhizal fungal inoculum of North American pines (Pinus contorta, Pseudotsuga menziesii), and native beech trees (Lophozonia menziesii) using faecal analyses, video monitoring and a bioassay experiment. 3. Both European red deer (Cervus elaphus) and Australian brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) pellets contained spores and DNA from a range of native and non-native ectomycorrhizal fungi. 4. Faecal pellets from both animals resulted in ectomycorrhizal infection of pine seedlings with fungal genera Rhizopogon and Suillus, but not with native fungi or the invasive fungus Amanita muscaria, despite video and DNA evidence of consumption of these fungi. 5. Native L. menziesii seedlings never developed any ectomycorrhizal infection from faecal pellet inoculation. 6. Synthesis. Our results show that introduced mammals from Australia and Europe facilitate the co-invasion of invasive North American trees and Northern Hemisphere fungi in New Zealand, while we find no evidence that introduced mammals benefit native trees or fungi. This novel tripartite ‘invasional meltdown’, comprising taxa from three kingdoms and three continents, highlights unforeseen consequences of global biotic homogenization

Figure_S4

Virtual gel showing RFLP patterns produced by BSrR1 and HpyCH41V restriction enzymes on ITS1f-ITS4 DNA fragments amplified from seedling root tips infected with ectomycorrhizal fungi from faecal pellets in our study

Movie_S2

Red deer (Cervus elaphus) consuming Amanita muscaria mushroom in Pinus contorta plantation at Helicopter Hill, Craigieburn, South Island, New Zealand

Movie_S4

Brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) appearing to exhibit aversion behaviour towards Amanita muscaria mushroom in Pinus contorta plantation at Helicopter Hill, Craigieburn, South Island, New Zealand

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QIIME scripts used to analyse fungal ITS sequences generated from mammal faecal pellets from Craigieburn, South Island, New Zealand

Figure_S1

Percentage occurrence of ectomycorrhizal fungal taxa in red deer (Cervus elaphus) and brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) faecal pellet samples (n = 14 and 16 respectively) from Craigieburn, South Island, New Zealand, as detected using 454 sequencing

Movie_S1

Red deer (Cervus elaphus) consuming Amanita muscaria mushroom in Pinus contorta plantation at Helicopter Hill, Craigieburn, South Island, New Zealand

Figure_S3

Examples of ectomycorrhizal fungal spores from brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) faecal pellets, Craigieburn, South Island, New Zealand. (a) abundant fungal spores on a palynology slide; (b) Octaviania spore; (c) cf. Laccaria spores; (d) Rhizopogon spore