Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in Iran: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Background and aims: The World Health Organization and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) recommended executive breastfeeding for 6 months after birth. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of executive breastfeeding in Iran by a meta-analysis study to be used by policy-makers in order to health programmer plan in this field. Methods: In this meta-analysis study, the databases of ISI Web of Knowledge, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar and domestic databases were searched between January 2007 and March 2015. Between the studies with regard to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 16 studies were selected. Data were analyzed using Stata 11 software. Results: Sever heterogeneity was observed among reported prevalence based on the results of Chi-square based on Q test and I2 statistics (Q=6132.55, P2=99.8 ) and consequently, random effect model was used for themeta-analysis. The overall estimated prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in Iran was 49.1 (95 CI: 33.4-64.9). Conclusions: In the present study, it was summarized the results of previous studies and showed that the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in Iran has been increased and currently is in a satisfactory level. The ongoing national programs for preservation and promoting of exclusive breastfeeding should continue

Some predictive factors of women's sexual function in Tehran city

Background and Aims: Sexual dysfunction in women is very common and is one of the important indicators in the marital satisfaction and family strengthening. This study aimed to determine some predictive factors of women's sexual function. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 200 married women referred to health centers in Tehran city were selected through convenience sampling. The research tools included a valid and reliable questionnaire including demographic information and women's sexual function index. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20 software and independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Spearman and Pearson correlations and linear regression. Ethical standards such as confidentiality of information were observed in all stages of research. Results: The mean score of sexual function was 21.14±4.35 (from 36). In this study 22% (n=44) of respondents reported sexual desire disorder, 32.5% (n=65) arousal disorder, 27.5% (n=57) sexual dysfunction, 22% (n=44) orgasmic disorder, 29% (n=58) sexual dissatisfaction and 20.5% (n=41) sexual pain disorder. There was a significant and inverse correlation between spouse's age, duration of marriage, date of last delivery and sexual function. In the multiple regression model, marital status (B=0.148, P=0.033), spouse interest (B=0.0286, P=0.001) and spouse age (B=0.207, P= 0.001) were significant predictors of sexual function. Conclusion: According to the results, women who describe a happier life and are interested in their spouse as well as are younger than their spouse reported a more desirable sexual performance. The results can be used to implement psychological and cultural programs in the community to reduce couples' problems. Keywords: Sexual function, Female, Sexual satisfactio

Development and Psychometrics of Perceived Experiences of Natural Vaginal Childbirth in Iranian Primiparous Women Questionnaire

Objectives: Delivery is a different experience in Iran. Delivery rooms are not private, women are not accompanied by their husbands or mothers, and the number of midwives per shift is not enough. Midwives also have a lot of responsibilities including labor control, doing delivery, and filling out the digital forms. The aim of this study is to develop psychometrics of perceived experiences of natural vaginal childbirth in Iranian primiparous women. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was done in the postpartum unit of Taleghani hospital (Arak, Iran). In the design stage, questionnaire items were extracted from a comprehensive review of qualitative and quantitative studies and similar tools. A 25-item questionnaire was then designed, validated, and distributed among 400 primiparous women (selected via simple random sampling). The filled questionnaires were used for factor analysis. The validity of the tool was then found using face and content validity. Its reliability was also confirmed by internal consistency. Results: The questionnaire to assess the perceived experiences of natural childbirth in primiparous women contained six domains including privacy (6 items), mother"s experience of childbirth (5 items), mother"s experience of midwife"s behavior (5 items), midwife"s support (3 items), experience of childbirth pain (3 items), and understanding mother"s expectations of the personnel (3 items). The internal consistency of the questionnaire was calculated as 0.72. Conclusions: Valid and reliable tools like the one designed in the current research can facilitate the evaluation of services provided in delivery rooms and help women have a more pleasurable experience of childbirth

Relationship of Skeletal Class of Malocclusion with Radiomorphometric Indices of Mandible in Short-Face Patients

Objectives This study aimed to assess the relationship of skeletal class of malocclusion with some radiomorphometric indices of the mandible in short-face patients. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 179 short-face patients between 17 to 30 years who sought orthodontic treatment during 2013 to 2020. The gonial and antegonial angles, and type and depth of antegonial notch were assessed bilaterally on traced panoramic radiographs. The correlation between radiomorphometric indices and class of malocclusion was analyzed using One-way ANOVA and Independent T-test by SPSS version 25 (alpha=0.05). Results The mean size of gonial angle was significantly different among the three classes of malocclusion (P<0.001), and the largest gonial angle was recorded in class III, and the smallest in class I patients. The mean size of antegonial angle and antegonial depth were not significantly different among the three classes of malocclusion (P=0.487). The difference in the mean size of gonial and antegonial angles was not significant between males and females (P=0.119, and P=0.176, respectively). However, the mean antegonial depth in males was significantly greater than that in females (P<0.001). Type I antegonial notch was more common in females than males at both sides. Age had no significant correlation with gonial angle, antegonial angle, or antegonial notch depth (P=0.422, P=0.737, P=0.392, respectively). Conclusion Facial growth pattern in short-face patients can be predicted with antegonial angle. Also there is significant correlation between skeletal class of malocclusion and the size of gonial angle

Addressing the Younger Age at Onset in Breast Cancer Patients in Asia: An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis of Fifty Years of Quality Data from the International Agency for Research on Cancer

There is an established fact that Asian breast cancer patients are, on average, younger than their European counterparts. This study aimed to utilize the data from the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents I through XIII (published by the International Agency for Research on Cancer) to examine what contributes to the younger age at onset in the Asian population. Material and Methods. Data (number of breast cancer cases and corresponding population figures) for 29 registries in Europe and 9 registries in Asia for the period of 1953–2002 was accessioned and pooled to form two distinct populations, Asia and Europe. The age specific rates were defined and analyzed cross-sectionally (period wise) and longitudinally (cohort wise). The magnitude and the pattern of age specific rates were analyzed using the age-period-cohort analysis. The constrained generalized linear model with a priority assumption of cohort effect as contributing factor to changing rates was used to analyze the data. Result. During the last 50 years, the rate of breast cancer increased for both populations with an estimated annual percent change of 1.03% (with 95% CI of 1.029, 1.031) for Asia and 1.016% (95% CI of 1.015, 1.017) for Europe. There were stronger cohort effects in the magnitude of rates among the Asian population compared to the European population. The cohort effects, expressed as the rate ratio with cohort born in 1970 as reference, ranged from 0.06 (95% CI 0.05, 0.08) to 0.94 (95% CI 0.93, 0.96) for Asians and 0.35 (95% CI 0.33, 0.36) to 1.03 (95% CI 1.02, 1.04) for Europeans. The estimated longitudinal age specific rates (adjusted for cohort and period effects) showed similar patterns between the two populations. Conclusion. It was concluded that a strong cohort effect contributes to the younger age at onset among Asian breast cancer patients

Epidemiological study of cholera in Qazvin city during summer of 2011

Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by consuming food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Two main epidemiological characteristic of disease is tendency for create of sudden outbreaks and the ability to causing a pandemic. The objective of this study is to describe the epidemiology of the disease. This survey is a descriptive cross-sectional study based on reports from the health centers and hospitals covered by city health centers. Rectal swab is obtained from all suspected cases. After reporting each positive case, health team was sent to the location and it completed the epidemiological form. Data were analyzed by version 16 of SPSS software. All reported patients were 44 cases. Epidemic lasted from 4 August to 18 September 2011. Ogawa was the predominant pathogenic serosubtype. 47.7% of all patients admitted to the hospital and 52.3% were treated as outpatients. Most of the patients were in age group >60 years and there were no reports of disease in age group under 15 years.  2 of the 44 patients had mild symptoms of diarrhea, 13 patients had moderate and 29 cases had severe diarrhea. Not affection of age groups less than 15 years indicates epidemic patterns of disease in the city. Severity of symptoms is important in case finding; then, in disease surveillance system we should obtain rectal swab specimen from all cases of diarrhea with severe symptoms.

Attitude of parents towards oral health and dental treatment of their children during the COVID-19 pandemic

Objective: Increased rate of dental caries among children necessitate regular pediatric dental treatments; however, the COVID-19 pandemic has posed significant challenges for dental visits of children, compromising their oral health. To assess the attitude of parents towards oral health and dental treatment of their children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and Methods: 232 eligible parents presenting to the Pediatric Dentistry Department of Qazvin Dental School during March and April 2021 seeking dental care for their children were requested to fill out a questionnaire included data regarding demographic information, child’s dental history, attitude about the COVID-19 and risk of dental treatments. Data were analyzed using independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient (alpha=0.05). Results: One-third of the parents reported that fear of contraction of COVID-19 was the reason for not seeking dental care during the pandemic. The majority of the parents stated no change in oral hygiene behavior or consumption of sugary foods during the pandemic. Cancellation of previous dental appointments (P=0.038) and unwillingness to seek dental care at present (P=0.015) were significantly correlated with the susceptibility score. The susceptibility score of the parents was also correlated with their psychological status (P=0.016). A significant correlation was noted between the susceptibility score and attitude as well (r=0.287, P<0.001). Conclusion: High level of concern regarding the COVID-19 prevents parents from seeking dental care for their children. It is imperative to take measures to reassure the parents regarding the safety of dental care for their children during the pandemic to ensure continuation of dental care