Analisis Parameter COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) dan pH (potential Hydrogen) Limbah Cair di PT. Pupuk Iskandar Muda (PT. PIM) Lhokseumawe

Limbah adalah bahan yang dihasilkan setelah proses utama selesai yang umumnya dibuang oleh industri. Limbah industri dapat berbentuk padat, cair maupun gas. Buangan ini terutama terdiri dari air yang telah digunakan dengan kandungan sedikit bagian berupa zat padat yang terdiri dari senyawa organik dan anorganik. Berdasarkan baku mutu parameter pengelolaan air limbah di PT. PIM, kadar COD dan pH menjadi parameter proses utama dalam penentuan kualitas limbah. Tujuan dari analisis ini adalah untuk mengetahui kadar limbah cair yang dihasilkan dari proses produksi di PT.PIM sebelum dilakukan pembuangan ke badan air. Penentuan Parameter COD dan pH penting dilakukan karena nilai COD dan pH yang tidak memenuhi baku mutu akan menyebabkan kerusakan pada lingkungan. Analisis COD dilakukan dengan metode titrasi menggunakan COD meter, dan analisis PH dilakukan dengan metode elektrometri menggunakan pH meter. Berdasarkan hasil analisis limbah cair tersebut diperoleh COD 90-110 ppm dan nilai pH 8,50-9,00. Hasil ini menunjukkan pengelolaan limbah cair di PT.PIM masih memenuhi baku mutu sehingga aman ketika air limbah akan dibuang ke badan air

Analisis Kadar Patchouli Alcohol Menggunakan Gas Chromatography– Mass Spectrometry (GC – MS) pada Pemurnian Minyak Nilam (Pogostemon cablin B.) Aceh Tamiang dengan Nanomontmorillonite

Tanaman nilam (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) merupakan salah satu tanaman penghasil minyak atsiri atau yang lebih dikenal dengan nama Patchouli Alcohol (PA). PA merupakan senyawa yang terbesar di dalam minyak nilam sebagai penentu mutu minyak nilam, kadar PA dalam minyak nilam menurut SNI 06-2385-2006 yaitu minimal 30%. Sampel minyak nilam yang digunakan adalah minyak nilam yang berasal dari Aceh Tamiang. Tujuan penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kadar PA sebelum dan sesudah adsorbsi menggunakan Nanomontmorillonite (Nano-MMT) sebagai adsorben dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan uji warna dan metode kuantitatif dengan analisis Gas Cromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) untuk menentukan kadar PA, mengingat Nano-MMT adalah jenis tanah liat (clay) yang dapat digunakan sebagai adsorben yang mengadsorpsi kontaminan metalik dengan baik dikarenakan Nano-MMT mempunyai muatan negatif yang dapat mengikat spesies yang bermuatan positif kontaminan metalik seperti logam berat. Berdasarkan hasil analisis diketahui bahwa kadar PA sebelum diadsorpsi 7,74% b/v, dan kadar PA setelah diadsorpsi berkisar antara 4,47%-7,86% b/v, kadar tersebut belum sesuai dengan SNI. Hal ini disebabkan karena banyak hal diantaranya terdapat komponen pengotor berupa kontaminan metalik seperti logam, terjadinya oksidasi, tercampurnya minyak nilam dengan bahan lain, pencemaran wadah penyulingan minyak, dan waktu penyimpanan yang relatif lama

Maternal effects in the large milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus

Abstract Maternal effects are the non-genetic contributions of mothers (or fathers) towards the phenotype of their offspring. Maternal effects are now well recognised as a facilitator for evolutionary change in offspring phenotypes and life history strategies which can have effects on population dynamics, population divergence and even speciation. Furthermore, maternal effects have been shown to have a heritable genetic basis and that they are genetically variable, which suggests that they contribute to maintaining phenotypic variation. Maternal effects may impede or accelerate responses to selection which has implications for adaptive evolution and making predictions about their evolutionary potential. The importance of their contribution to phenotypic variation and life history evolution has made maternal effects an important consideration in fields such as conservation and population biology, evolutionary ecology and evolutionary genetics. The aim of this thesis is to investigate if maternal effects can influence offspring life history traits and fitness parameters through maternal resources via the egg. Main questions that are asked include: can maternal effects help facilitate transition to a novel host-diet (Chapter 2); does maternal diet influence egg composition and, if so, does this have an effect on offspring life-history parameters (Chapter 3); is there a genetic basis to egg composition and is there potential for egg composition to evolve (Chapter 4); and are defensive compounds from the diet transferred into the eggs, if so, are these uni- or biparentally transferred and does this offer protection against predation (Chapter 5)? To address these questions we used a specialist insect herbivore, the large milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). In the wild, O. fasciatus feed on plants from the genus Asclepias (Apocynacea). However, O. fasciatus can be reared successfully in laboratories on sunflower seeds Helianthus annus. For our experiments we used two populations of O. fasciatus, one population has been maintained on dry seeds of A. syriaca while the other population has been reared and maintained on sunflower seeds. The results of Chapter 2 were suggestive of a maternal host-diet effect on egg mass and hatching success, but we did not find evidence that maternal host-diet was significant in influencing a transition to a novel host. In Chapter 3 we found that there was variation in the free amino acid profiles of the eggs between our treatments suggesting that amino acid profiles may be influenced by maternal diet. The results of our multivariate selection analysis to examine linear and nonlinear (quadratic) relationships between maternal diet and the free amino acid profiles of the eggs suggest that there may be population-specific responses which can influence specific amino acid profiles in relation to hatchling mass. In Chapter 4 we used only the milkweed-adapted population to determine if there was a genetic basis to amino acid profiles in the eggs. We constructed a genetic variance-covariance (G) matrix to determine the strength and direction of the relationships between amino acids and to assess the potential for amino acid profiles to evolve. While we found genetic variation for amino acids, and that there was evidence for positive moderate to strong genetic correlations between many of them, we also found evidence for constraints for the potential for amino acid profiles to evolve as evidenced by the calculation of gmax (which represents the linear combination of components that has the highest genetic variance and which is the most accessible to evolution). In Chapter 5 we found maternal, but not paternal, transmission of cardenolides into the eggs. However, this did not confer protection of all eggs against predation from larvae of the green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea. Overall, results suggest that for our populations of O. fasciatus, maternal effects are significant in influencing early life history traits such as egg mass and hatchling mass. However, we did not find any significant effects on other offspring life history or fitness parameters that we measured. This may be surprising as positive, and negative, effects of non-genetic contributions of females (and males) to their offspring has been widely reported in many taxa. The patterns and implications of maternal resource allocation and their effects on offspring life history evolution are explored and discussed, as are the limitations of our experimental designs. I hope that this research can be used to stimulate further investigations into maternal effects and the relationships between host-plant, maternal allocation strategies and life history evolution.European Social Fund (ESF

REPRESENTASI FEMINITAS MELALUI KARAKTER UTAMA SA GEUM-RAN DALAM SERIAL DRAMA BIRTH OF A BEAUTY

The development of Hallayu which spreads to the products of the South Korean entertainment industry is increasing in various countries. One of the products of the entertainment industry that is favored by the wider community is Korean drama. Birth of Beauty is one of the Korean dramas that presents a Confucian tradition and a strong patriarchal system. So that the practice of femininity in women is highlighted in the main character Sa Geum-ran. The purpose of this research is to know how the representation of femininity through the main character Sa Geum-ran in the drama series Birth of a beauty. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative to explain the images and dialogues obtained. The data source of this research is the drama Birth of a Beauty which is obtained and downloaded through the Viu application. The population of this study were all 21 episodes of scenes using purposive sampling technique related to femininity of the main character Sa Geum-ran through visual and textual. Data analysis was carried out by reducing, presenting and concluding from the data found. The findings obtained in this study identified the existence of femininity practices characterized by discipline on body shape. The role and appearance of women to achieve the ideal body in accordance with prevailing norms