ESTUDO FITOQUÍMICO, MICROBIOLÓGICO, CITOTOXICIDADE E ANTIOXIDANTE DO LÁTEX Brosimum parinariodides spp. parinarioides DUCKE (MORACEAE) COM O Parahancornia amapa (HUBER) DUCKE (APOCINACEAE)

The species of Brosimum parinarioides spp. parinarioides Ducke (amapá doce) and Parahancornia amapa (Huber) Ducke (amapá amargo) are native to the Amazon. Their tradition comes from the use of latex for food as a nutritional fortifier in porridge, and in medicinal use for the treatment of pulmonary diseases. The objective of this research was to carry out the comparative study of phytochemical, microbiological, cytotoxicity and antioxidant potential of both species. Phytochemical screening for the presence of the main secondary metabolites present in the latex occurred by techniques of standard staining and precipitation reactions. The microbiological study was performed by determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration by microdilution technique in polystyrene plates.  Acute phase toxicity was evaluated in A. salina L. using different concentrations of test products. The antioxidant potential was evaluated by the radical sequestering technique of DPPH. In the phytochemical screening, it was possible to detect in the latex of the amapá species the presence of alkaloids, with a variation of other classes of secondary metabolites. There was no antibacterial activity of the extract against the bacteria Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella sp, the species showed to be nontoxic, because it was not possible to determine the LC50 on Artemia salina. For the antioxidant potential, the latéx B. parinarioides presents correlation coefficient (r2) = 0.3110 and P. amapa (r2) = 0.8904 presenting low antioxidant activity.Keywords: Latex; Secondary Metabolites; Microdilution; Bacteria and Non-toxic.As espécies de Brosimum parinarioides spp. parinarioides Ducke (amapá doce) e o Parahancornia amapa (Huber) Ducke (amapá amargo) são nativas da Amazônia. A sua tradição vem do uso do látex para a alimentação como fortificante nutricional em mingau, e no uso medicinal para tratamento de doenças pulmonares. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi realizar o estudo comparativo fitoquímico, microbiológico, citotoxicidade e de potencial antioxidante das duas espécies. O screening fitoquímico visando à presença dos principais metabólitos secundários presentes no látex ocorreu por técnicas de reações padrão de coloração e precipitação. O estudo microbiológico foi realizado pela determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima por técnica de microdiluição em placas de poliestireno. A toxicidade em fase aguda foi avaliada em A. salina L. empregando-se diferentes concentrações dos produtos testes. O potencial antioxidante foi avaliado através da técnica do sequestro do radical do DPPH. No screening fitoquímico foi possível detectar no látex das espécies do amapá a presença de alcaloides, com variação de outras classes de metabólitos secundários. Não houve atividade antibacteriana do extrato frente as bactérias Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus e Salmonella sp, as espécies mostraram-se atóxica, pois não foi possível a determinação da CL50 sobre Artemia salina. Para o potencial antioxidante o latéx B. parinarioides apresentou coeficiente de correlação (r2) = 0,3110 e de P. amapa (r2) = 0,8904 apresentando baixa atividade antioxidante.Palavras-chave: Látex; Metabolitos Secundários; Microdiluição; Bactérias e Não-tóxico

ESTUDO FITOQUÍMICO, FÍSICO-QUÍMICO, MICROBIANO E DE TOXICIDADE DO EXTRATO ETANÓLICO DAS FOLHAS DE Mentha × piperita L. (Lamiaceae)

Conhecida popularmente como hortelã pimenta, a Mentha × piperita L. é utilizada popularmente no tratamento de desordens no estômago, dores nos músculos, dores de cabeça, resfriados. O presente estudo teve como objetivo o estudo fitoquímico, físico-químico, antimicrobiano e de toxicidade do extrato bruto hidro alcoólico das folhas da M. piperita. Na análise fitoquímica preliminar houve positividade para: saponinas espumídicas, ácidos orgânicos, açúcares redutores e esteroides e triterpenoides. Atividade bacteriana do extrato frente à Pseudomonas aeuroginosa foi efetiva tanto quanto ao antibiótico amoxicilina, utilizado como controle. Com Concentração Inibitória Mínima de 100 mg/mL, Staphylococcus aureus teve seu crescimento interferido e não inibido. O extrato apresentou frente a nauplios de A. salina a CL50 de 533,777 µg/mL, em um período de 24 horas, o que caracteriza baixa toxicidade em relação à A. salina. Por tratar-se de estudos preliminares, é necessário que mais testes sejam realizados com a capacidade de isolar os grupos orgânicos, com a finalidade de realizar novas descobertas e corroborar com o que está descrito em literatura

ESTUDO FITOQUÍMICO, FÍSICO-QUÍMICO, MICROBIANO E DE TOXICIDADE DO EXTRATO ETANÓLICO DAS FOLHAS DE Mentha × piperita L. (Lamiaceae)

Conhecida popularmente como hortelã pimenta, a Mentha × piperita L. é utilizada popularmente no tratamento de desordens no estômago, dores nos músculos, dores de cabeça, resfriados. O presente estudo teve como objetivo o estudo fitoquímico, físico-químico, antimicrobiano e de toxicidade do extrato bruto hidro alcoólico das folhas da M. piperita. Na análise fitoquímica preliminar houve positividade para: saponinas espumídicas, ácidos orgânicos, açúcares redutores e esteroides e triterpenoides. Atividade bacteriana do extrato frente à Pseudomonas aeuroginosa foi efetiva tanto quanto ao antibiótico amoxicilina, utilizado como controle. Com Concentração Inibitória Mínima de 100 mg/mL, Staphylococcus aureus teve seu crescimento interferido e não inibido. O extrato apresentou frente a nauplios de A. salina a CL50 de 533,777 µg/mL, em um período de 24 horas, o que caracteriza baixa toxicidade em relação à A. salina. Por tratar-se de estudos preliminares, é necessário que mais testes sejam realizados com a capacidade de isolar os grupos orgânicos, com a finalidade de realizar novas descobertas e corroborar com o que está descrito em literatura

Larvicidal study in Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762), cytotoxic and phytochemical of the crude ethanolic extract of Mikania lindleyana DC.

Mikania lindleyana is a plant belonging to the Asteraceae family, popularly known as Sucuriju, it is a large vine, perennial used in folk medicine as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, healing, diuretic, antihypertensive in the treatment against varicose veins and acne. Plants of this family present themselves as potential biocides in the control of Aedes aegypti. The objective of this research was to evaluate the larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti, the phytochemical and cytotoxicity study of the crude ethanolic extract of Mikania lindleyana. The phytochemical screening of the crude ethanolic extract showed saponins, azulenes and depsides, these secondary metabolites that may justify some biological activities of the plant species. Larvicidal activity showed an LC50 of 146.32 µg.mL-1, the extract was able to cause the death of individuals in the concentration 100 µg.mL-1 in 48 hours of contact with the larvae. The extract against Artemia salina was not able to cause the death of any metanáuplium in the tested concentrations. This research indicated the presence of secondary metabolites saponins, azulenes and depsides in the crude ethanolic extract, indicated larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti larvae probably caused by the presence of saponins and did not show cytotoxicity against Artemia salina indicating low toxicity of the extract

Identification of Potential Inhibitors from Pyriproxyfen with Insecticidal Activity by Virtual Screening

Aedes aegypti is the main vector of dengue fever transmission, yellow fever, Zika, and chikungunya in tropical and subtropical regions and it is considered to cause health risks to millions of people in the world. In this study, we search to obtain new molecules with insecticidal potential against Ae. aegypti via virtual screening. Pyriproxyfen was chosen as a template compound to search molecules in the database Zinc_Natural_Stock (ZNSt) with structural similarity using ROCS (rapid overlay of chemical structures) and EON (electrostatic similarity) software, and in the final search, the top 100 were selected. Subsequently, in silico pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties were determined resulting in a total of 14 molecules, and these were submitted to the PASS online server for the prediction of biological insecticide and acetylcholinesterase activities, and only two selected molecules followed for the molecular docking study to evaluate the binding free energy and interaction mode. After these procedures were performed, toxicity risk assessment such as LD50 values in mg/kg and toxicity class using the PROTOX online server, were undertaken. Molecule ZINC00001624 presented potential for inhibition for the acetylcholinesterase enzyme (insect and human) with a binding affinity value of -10.5 and -10.3 kcal/mol, respectively. The interaction with the juvenile hormone was -11.4 kcal/mol for the molecule ZINC00001021. Molecules ZINC00001021 and ZINC00001624 had excellent predictions in all the steps of the study and may be indicated as the most promising molecules resulting from the virtual screening of new insecticidal agents.Federal University of Amapá, Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity-Network BIONORTE, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for funding in the publication of this article

Chemical Characterization, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic and Microbiological Activities of the Essential Oil of Leaf of Tithonia Diversifolia (Hemsl) A. Gray (Asteraceae)

The present study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition, antioxidant potential, and the cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of the plant species Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl) A. Gray. The essential oil obtained was used to identify the chemical compounds present through the techniques of GC-MS and NMR. The antioxidant potential was calculated by the sequestration method of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. For cytotoxic activity, the larval mortality of Artemia salina was evaluated. The main chemical constituents identified are αpinene (9.9%), Limonene (5.40%), (Z)-β-ocimene (4.02%), p-cymen-8-ol (3.0%), Piperitone (11.72%), (E)-nerolidol (3.78%) and Spathulenol (10.8%). In the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity, bacterial strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used. The results showed that the bacterium E. coli were more susceptible to the presence of the essential oil, presenting minimal inhibitory concentration at the concentrations that were exposed. The essential oil presented antioxidant activity of 54.6% at the concentration of 5 mg·mL−1 and provided a CI50 of 4.30. It was observed that the essential oil of this species was highly toxic against A. salina lavas, as its cytotoxic activity showed an LC50 of 3.11. Thus, it is concluded that T. diversifolia oils are effective in inhibiting bacterial growth and reducing oxidative stress

Evaluation of larvicidal potential against larvae of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) and of the antimicrobial activity of essential oil obtained from the leaves of Origanum majorana L.

This study evaluated the larvicidal activity of Origanum majorana Linnaeus essential oil, identified the chemical composition, evaluated the antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antioxidant potential. The larvicidal activity was evaluated against larvae of the third stage of Aedes aegypti Linaeus, whereas the chemical composition was identified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer, the antimicrobial activity was carried out against the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus auereus, the antioxidant activity was evaluated from of 2.2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazila sequestration and Artemia salina Leach cytotoxicity. Regarding to the results, the larvicidal activity showed that O. majorana L. essential oil caused high mortality in A. aegypti L. larvae. In the chromatographic analysis, the main component found in O. majorana L. essential oil was pulegone (57.05%), followed by the other components verbenone (16.92%), trans-p-menthan-2-one (8.57%), iso-menthone (5.58%), piperitone (2.83%), 3-octanol (2.35%) and isopulegol (1.47%). The antimicrobial activity showed that E. coli and P. aeruginosa bacteria were more sensitive to oil than S. aureus, which was resistant at all concentrations. Essential oil did not present antioxidant activity, but it has high cytotoxic activity against A. salina L

Evaluation of laboratory markers of progression of HIV disease to death

INTRODUCTION: One of the important current problems in HIV/AIDS infection is the establishment of epidemiological and laboratorial prognostic parameters during patient follow-up. This study aimed at analyzing the evolution of laboratory tests: CD4 lymphocyte count, viral load, hemoglobin (Hb), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and the epidemiological variables sex and age as prognostic factors for survival in progression to death among AIDS patients. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted using analysis of medical records, and prospective 24-month follow-up of patients with HIV/ AIDS attended at the President Vargas Hospital Outpatient Clinic, a reference center in HIV/ AIDS attendance in the State of Maranhão, Brazil. The study analyzed patients aged 10 to 60 years old, who manifested AIDS and who were not using antiretroviral therapy or had used it for less than 5 years. The Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The sample included 100 patients - 57 were current outpatients, and 43 had died. The variables viral load (p=0.726), ALT (p=0.314), sex (p=0.687), and age (p=0.742) were analyzed, and no evidence of association between them and worst prognosis was observed. CONCLUSIONS: A significant relation was verified between low Hb levels (p=0.000) and CD4 (p=0.000) and shorter survival