Innocent III between law and society: customs, scandals and the popular consent

Nel diritto canonico classico, la necessità di evitare scandali nelle comunità e, dunque, di scongiurare turbamenti dell’ordine sociale giustificò la disapplicazione di norme giuridiche. Con riguardo alla consuetudine, la regola fu declinata, in base alle contingenze politiche e religiose, per riconoscere ovvero negare efficacia alle norme consuetudinarie, adottando soluzioni diverse per acquisire il consenso della società: occorreva, infatti, tenere conto tanto della volontà popolare manifestata nell’adesione agli usi quanto della coscienza sociale espressa nella reazione all’applicazione o alla mancata applicazione di essi. Innocenzo III contribuì a definire la rilevanza giuridica della nozione di scandalo, ora estirpando le consuetudini contrarie agli usi della Chiesa romana che più rischiavano di frammentare l’unità della fede, ora garantendo il rispetto dei riti a cui le popolazioni mostravano maggiore attaccamento, attraverso il principio per cui occorreva evitare a tutti i costi manifestazioni di dissenso o opposizione nella comunità cristiana. La politica di Innocenzo III sollecitò, su tale punto, le riflessioni della scienza giuridica canonistica: le sue decretali e le costituzioni del quarto concilio lateranense furono, infatti, utilizzate nel periodo del grande scisma, per argomentare la necessità di mantenere l’unità all’interno della Chiesa, pur nel rispetto dei diversi riti religiosi.According to medieval canon law, legal rules could be waived, thus avoiding any scandals and therefore preventing a motive for public discord. As regards the custom, this principle was shaped according to the religious and political contingencies, in order to recognize or deny any effects to customary rules. Different solutions were adopted with a view to maintaining social support towards the institutions: it was necessary to take into account both the popular spirit expressed abiding by the customs and the reactions of public opinion to the application or non-application of them. Innocent III helped to figure out the legal relevance of scandals, through the principle that it was essential to avoid at all costs dissents or oppositions in the Christian community: sometimes he uprooted the customs contrary to that of the Roman Church, which were considered dangerous to the unity of faith; other times he secured the application of the rites to which the population showed the greatest attachment. The policy of Innocent III urged, on this point, the remarks of the canonical doctrine: his decretals and the fourth Lateran council constitutions were utilized in the period of the great schism, in order to balance out the need both to maintain the unity within the Church and to respect the different ceremonial practices.Ciencias ReligiosasDerech

The abuse of the process between practice and legal science: note on the simultaneus processus in the common law

Fra XII e XIII secolo, numerose decretali ricorsero alla nozione di abusum per sanzionare il ricorso improprio alla tutela giurisdizionale, in particolare per il tramite della delega di giurisdizione (X 1.3.15; X 1.3.28). Alcune di esse favorirono la realizzazione del simultaneus processus, contrastando le iniziative delle parti volte a delegare a giudici diversi cause connesse al solo fine di aggravare la posizione delle controparti (X 1.3.16; X 1.3.43; VI 1.3.3), come nell’ipotesi – anche oggi particolarmente dibattuta dalla giurisprudenza – del frazionamento del credito. Rispetto alla disciplina della connessione dettata dal diritto romano (Cod. 3.1.10), il diritto canonico estese le sanzioni anche ai casi di connessione soggettiva, valorizzando il dovere di buona fede processuale delle parti e dei loro difensori.Between the 12th and 13th centuries, several papal decretals resorted to the term abusum in order to punish the misuse of the judicial system, and in particular the abuse of papal delegated jurisdiction (X 1.3.15; X 1.3.28). Some of them helped to establish the simultaneus processus, in opposition to efforts by parties to delegate connected cases to different judges in order to aggravate the overall case against the counterparties (X 1.3.43, VI 1.3.3). One such example is when creditors sought to initiate separate proceedings against the same debtor for each debt to be collected, which is still a topical issue in the courts nowadays. Compared to Roman law (Cod. 3.1.10), medieval canon law extended punishment to cases of subjective connection, thereby reinforcing the duty of good faith of the parties and their lawyers.Ciencias ReligiosasDerech

Periferia ed edilizia pubblica (1949-1970): alcuni interventi a Palermo

The paper shows the case of Palermo with reference to the theme of the costruction of the urban periphery by means of public interventions that have taken place after the second world war up to the seventies. The study is carried out from the experience of the two septenniums of INA-Casa (1949-1963) that are common to many italian cities and arrives to the self sufficient projects realized in Palermo, such as Zen 2 of Vittorio Gregotti in the northern part of the town. The contribution evidences the distinction between the urban quality of the first interventions closet o the city centre and those that followed – built in the second septennium INA-Casa – which were built there where it was possible to find areas with a limited price. The interventions deals with the problem of the services and supporting structures that in many cases have not been created causing the transformation of these areas into emarginated sites from the growing city before they were inhabited. Then some questions are posed on the meaning that these areas still have today, confusedly surrounded by a number of urban episodes not easily decipherable, requiring with urgency plans, projects and interventions

earch for Truth and Defend the Client: Can a Lawyer Do Both?

Le regole deontologiche si sono formate nel corso del medioevo e dell’età moderna grazie al concorrente apporto del diritto e della teologia morale. I divieti di difendere cause ingiuste e di difendere in modo ingiusto contri-buirono a inserire il difensore in uno schema processuale teso all’accertamento della verità, sottolineandone il ruolo di collaborazione all’amministrazione della giustizia. Attraverso taluni temperamenti di que-ste regole, giuristi e teologi affermarono, tuttavia, il contemporaneo dove-re dell’avvocato di difendere nel modo più ampio possibile il cliente.A deontological model of legal ethics took shape over the course of the Middle Ages and early modern period, thanks to contributions from both jurisprudence and moral theology. With bans on defending unjust causes and resorting to unjust means to defend a cause, the defense lawyer became part of a legal process that sought to ascertain the truth – a key contributor to the administration of justice. However, jurists and theologians made some compromises when it came to these rules, affirming that a lawyer also had a duty to defend his client to the fullest

Il dovere di verità fra tecniche della difesa e deontologia forense nel medioevo e nell’età moderna

During Middle and Early Modern Ages, the lawyer’s duty to the truth was stated within a wider debate about defense techniques, in which two different concepts of the role of the lawyer as acting as a participant in the administration of justice were discussed. The prohibition to give false or misleading information to the court was certain. The matter all concentrated on the limits of legal argumentation, balancing out the protection of his own client’s interests, with particular regards to the respect of professional secrecy, and the cooperation with the judge in the pursuit of the truth.Nel corso del medioevo e dell’età moderna, il dovere di verità dell’avvocato venne affermato nell’ambito di un più ampio dibattito sulle tecniche della difesa, in cui si contrapposero due differenti concezioni del ruolo dell’avvocatura nell’amministrazione della giustizia. Fermo il divieto di introdurre falsità nel processo, la questione si incentrò sui limiti dell’argomentazione, fra tutela degli interessi del cliente, con particolare riguardo al dovere di segretezza, e collaborazione con il giudice nell’accerta-mento della verità

Municipal Building Regulations for Energy Efficiency in Southern Italy

The building sector is still one of the most energy consuming sectors in Italy, like developed countries in Europe. At European level, the main policy driver related to the energy use in buildings is the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD, 2002/91/EC) and its recast. Through the EPBD in- troduction, requirements for certification, inspections, training or renovation are now imposed in Member States. In order to fulfill the expected changes, local regulations are a key factor aiming at sustainable territorial planning. It is thus required support the issue of local rules at municipal level in order to guide local administrators and technicians and to limit discretional power of bureaucracy. In this paper, a review of the most common practices for building regulations in Europe and in Italy is proposed, then the role and the framework of a municipal building regulation for the Southern European area accounting for sustainability features is discussed

Ecomusei e turismo

The drafting of the bill presented to the House of Representatives in October 2009 and the will to establish a commission within the Ministry of Tourism for the development of ecomuseums have fostered a period of debate on the relationship between ecomuseum systems and the touristic promotion of the territory. This is certainly not to invite mass tourism, but the tourism that is respectful to cultural heritage and that the eco- museums, with their participatory nature and their attention to the diffuse valorisation of the local landscape and identity, can adequately support. Tourism, seen as cultural exchange, is a lever for local development, able to promote the activation of resources in territorial management and to generate new economies with a strong cultural component, among which the eco-museum has an innovative potential. In this perspective, the economical aim is not only the value-added integration of eco-museums and tourism, but it also regards building cultural and socio-economic relationships, with internal and external entities to the local system, eliminating the implicit dangers of becoming self-referential and obsolete

L’abuso del processo tra prassi e scienza giuridica: note sul simultaneus processus nel Diritto Comune

Between the 12th and 13th centuries, several papal decretals resorted to the term abusumin order to punish the misuse of the judicial system, and in particular the abuse of papal delegated jurisdiction (X 1.3.15; X 1.3.28). Some of them helped to establish the simultaneus processus, in opposition to efforts by parties to delegate connected cases to different judges in order to aggravate the overall case against the counterparties (X 1.3.43, VI 1.3.3). One such example is when creditors sought to initiate separate proceedings against the same debtor for each debt to be collected, which is still a topical issue in the courts nowadays.Compared to Roman law (Cod. 3.1.10), medieval canon law extended punishment to cases of subjective connection, thereby reinforcing the duty of good faith of the parties and their lawyers

The judge and mercy. Reflections on the administration of justice in classical canon law

Le riflessioni dei canonisti medievali sul tema della misericordia consentono di svolgere alcune considerazioni sulla questione, di stringente attualità, del rapporto tra giustizia e opinione pubblica. Attraverso la nozione di scandalo, che tematizzava le dinamiche del consenso sociale alle istituzioni pubbliche, il dibattito si incentrò sull’approvazione popolare all’amministrazione della giustizia, con riguardo, in particolare, agli effetti derivanti dal ricorso alla misericordia. L’esigenza di prevenire forme di opposizione o di protesta suggerì ai canonisti che il giudice potesse, talora, attenuare il rigore del diritto, sino a perdonare un colpevole, per assecondare la volontà popolare. Ad analoghe soluzioni giunsero i giuristi civilisti, che, attingendo ai principi canonistici, ammisero, viceversa, la possibilità di condannare un innocente per evitare il dilagare di scandali nella società.The remarks of the medieval canonists on the subject of mercy provide much to reflect upon when considering the relationship between justice and public opinion – an issue which continues to be of topical interest today. The debate was oriented around the concept of scandal, exploring the dynamics of public approval when it came to the activities of public institutions. Specifically, it focused on how social reactions could affect sentencing, with particular regard to the effects resulting from a show of mercy. The need to prevent demonstrations of dissent or protest led canonists to believe that the judge could mitigate the rigor of the law at times – even going so far as to forgive an offender – in order to meet public demands. Civil-law jurists developed similar solutions which worked the other way around: drawing on canonical principles, they admitted the possibility of condemning an innocent person in order to prevent scandals from erupting within society.Ciencias ReligiosasDerech