169 research outputs found

    Pour une anthropologie politique de la mer

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    International audienceThis paper presents an innovative collaborative approach, devoted to strengthening and institutionalization of political anthropology applied to the sea. He first shows what political sciences have to say concerning our understanding of sea management, established to ensure their "sustainability". It then presents the cooperative research structure ApoliMer (political Anthropology of the sea), which address this issue by proposing to grasp the management of coastal and marine "socioecosystems" as a demonstrator of contemporary transformations of politics. Ultimately, it suggests the added value of a stronger link between the human and social sciences and natural sciences, to produce a critical analysis of the categories of thought and action attached to the "systemic management" of the environment.Cet article prĂ©sente une dĂ©marche de recherche collaborative et innovante, consacrĂ©e au renforcement et Ă  l'institutionnalisation d'une anthropologie politique de la mer Ă©troitement articulĂ©e aux sciences de la nature. Il dit d'abord ce que les sciences sociales du politique ont Ă  apporter Ă  la comprĂ©hension de la « gouvernance » de la mer, Ă©tablie en vue de sa « gestion durable ». Il prĂ©sente ensuite la structure coopĂ©rative de recherche ApoliMer (Anthropologie politique de la mer), qui traite cette question en proposant de faire de la gestion des « socio-Ă©cosystĂšmes » marins et cĂŽtiers un dĂ©monstrateur des transformations contemporaines du politique. In fine, il laisse entrevoir la plus-value d'une articulation, entre les sciences humaines et sociales et les sciences de la nature pour produire une analyse critique des catĂ©gories de pensĂ©e et d’action attachĂ©es Ă  la «gestion systĂ©mique» de l’environnement

    Si–C interactions during degradation of the diatom Skeletonema marinoi

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    International audienceWhile a relationship between ballast and carbon in sedimenting particles has been well-documented, the mechanistic basis of this interaction is still under debate. One hypothesis is that mineral ballast protects sinking organic matter from degradation. To test this idea, we undertook a laboratory experiment using the diatom Skeletonema marinoi to study in parallel the dissolution of one of the most common mineral ballasts, biogenic silica (bSiO2), and the associated degradation of organic matter. Three different models were applied to our results to help elucidate the mechanisms driving bSiO2 dissolution and organic compound degradation. Results of this modeling exercise suggest that the diatom frustule is made up of two bSiO2 phases that dissolve simultaneously, but at different rates. In our experiments, the first phase was more soluble (View the MathML source) and made up 31% of the total bSiO2. In this phase, bSiO2 was mainly associated with membrane lipids and the amino acids glutamic acid, tyrosine, and leucine. The second phase was more refractory (View the MathML source), and contained more neutral lipid alcohols and glycine. Until it dissolved, the first bSiO2 phase effectively protected much of the organic matter from degradation: particulate organic carbon (POC) degradation rate constants increased from 0.025 to 0.082 d−1 after the total dissolution of this phase, and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) degradation rate constants increased from 0.030 to 0.094 d−1. Similar to POC and PON, the total hydrolyzable amino acids (THAA) degradation rate constant increased from 0.054 to 0.139 d−1 after dissolution of the first bSiO2 phase. The higher THAA degradation rate constant is attributed to a pool of amino acids that was produced during silicification and enclosed between the two silica phases. This pool of amino acids might come from the incorporation of silica deposition vesicles into the diatom wall and might not be directly associated with bSiO2. In contrast, most lipid degradation was not prevented by association with the more soluble bSiO2 phase, as the average lipid degradation rate constant decreased from 0.048 to 0.010 d−1 after 17 d of degradation. This suggests that most lipids were associated with rather than protected by silica, except pigments that appeared resistant to degradation, independently from silica dissolution. When the only organic compounds remaining were associated with the second bSiO2 phase, degradation rate constants decreased greatly; concentrations changed only slightly after day 25

    Chapter 16. Questions around interdisciplinarity

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    Introduction The health of coastal marine ecosystems continues to decline at an unprecedented rate, despite numerous interventions by scientists, governmental and non-governmental organisations and various stakeholders (Benham and Daniell, 2016). Oceans and coastal regions are increasingly threatened, degraded or destroyed by human activities such as marine pollution, overfishing or unsustainable extraction of marine resources, as well as by anthropogenic climate change and its associated eff..

    La solidaritĂ© Ă©cologique de la science Ă  l’(in)action publique

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    This article is intended to discuss the conditions of possibility and impossibility of making the legal (and therefore normative) concept of ecological solidarity an a priori effective instrument for reinforcing the entry of public policies into contemporary environmental governance regimes and management modes, with a view to the transformation towards sustainability. To do this, it proposes to decipher in an epistemological and theoretical way the dichotomies socially constructed by modern European societies, such as nature/culture, science/decision or human/non-human, and which still structure today the forms of governability of nature, of our environments and of the natural resources we depend on. We argue that, in the context of global change, the regimes of governance of human/environment relations must be reinvented, adapted to complexity, change and uncertainty, defragmented and de-sectorized in order to better integrate interdependencies as the very substrate of sustainability. The concept of governance of socio-ecosystems, fundamentally based on the recognition of the principle of ecological solidarity with its strong transformative power as highlighted by science (in particular ecology), has, in our opinion, the capacity to make this principle operational for public policies. But to do so, it is necessary to proceed to an anthropological introspection, and to a combined analysis between social sciences and natural sciences, for the only one able to bring to light the conditions of possibility and impossibility of the transfer of this concept from legal science and ecology itself, to environmental public action. The challenge of this article is to make explicit what emerges from this critical analysis: beyond incentives, normative injunctions and scattered initiatives, the institutionalization of the transformation towards sustainability continues to be hampered by three types of asymmetries (gaps), closely intertwined: knowledge, implementation and power

    La solidaritĂ© Ă©cologique de la science Ă  l’(in)action publique

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    Cet article est destinĂ© Ă  discuter des conditions de possibilitĂ© et d’impossibilitĂ© de faire du concept juridique (et donc normatif) de solidaritĂ© Ă©cologique, un instrument efficace pour renforcer l’entrĂ©e des politiques publiques dans la transformation vers la soutenabilitĂ©. Pour ce faire, il propose de dĂ©crypter de maniĂšre Ă©pistĂ©mologique et thĂ©orique, les dichotomies socialement construites telles que nature/culture, science/dĂ©cision ou encore humains/non-humains, et qui structurent aujourd’hui encore les formes de gouvernabilitĂ© de nos environnements et des ressources naturelles dont nous dĂ©pendons. Nous soutenons que, dans le contexte du changement global, les rĂ©gimes de gouvernement des relations humains/milieu doivent ĂȘtre rĂ©inventĂ©s, adaptĂ©s Ă  la complexitĂ©, au changement et aux incertitudes, dĂ©fragmentĂ©s et dĂ©sectorisĂ©s afin de mieux intĂ©grer les interdĂ©pendances comme substrat mĂȘme de la soutenabilitĂ©. Le concept de gouvernance des socio-Ă©cosystĂšmes, fondamentalement basĂ© sur la reconnaissance du principe de solidaritĂ© Ă©cologique au fort pouvoir transformateur, a selon nous la capacitĂ© de rendre ce principe opĂ©rationnel pour les politiques publiques. Mais pour ce faire, il est nĂ©cessaire de procĂ©der Ă  une introspection anthropologique et Ă  une analyse combinĂ©e entre sciences sociales et sciences de la nature, seule capable de mettre au jour les conditions de possibilitĂ© et d’impossibilitĂ© du transfert de ce concept de la science juridique et de l’écologie elle-mĂȘme, Ă  l’action publique environnementale. C’est tout l’enjeu de cet article que d’expliciter ce qu’il ressort de cette analyse critique : au-delĂ  des incitations, des injonctions normatives et des initiatives Ă©parses, l’institutionnalisation de la transformation vers la soutenabilitĂ© continue d’ĂȘtre freinĂ©e Ă  cause de trois types d’asymĂ©tries (gaps), Ă©troitement imbriquĂ©es : la connaissance, l’implĂ©mentation et le pouvoir

    La gouvernance de l’ocĂ©an, un chantier politique multi-niveaux

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    International audienceRĂ©sumĂ© de l'ouvrage, LocĂ©an Ă  dĂ©couvert : Il couvre 70 % de la surface du globe, rĂ©gule en grande partie le climat de la Terre et abrite une multitude d’espĂšces dont de trĂšs nombreuses sont encore Ă  dĂ©couvrir.L’ocĂ©an joue un rĂŽle majeur dans le fonctionnement de la vie sur Terre. Avec le changement global, ont Ă©mergĂ© de multiples enjeux dont les consĂ©quences Ă  venir engagent toute l’humanitĂ©.Il s’agit dans ce livre de mieux comprendre ce qu’est l’ocĂ©an, dans toute son Ă©tendue, sa profondeur et sa complexitĂ©, tant du point de vue physique que biologique, de ses interactions que de ses dynamiques. Pour l’explorer, de nombreux outils, infrastructures et approches originales sont dĂ©veloppĂ©s pour obtenir les donnĂ©es et les informations indispensables Ă  une meilleure connaissance. L’histoire montre l’évolution des techniques et des reprĂ©sentations qui lient les communautĂ©s humaines aux ocĂ©ans et la diversitĂ© des usages qu’elles en font. ConsidĂ©rĂ© comme ressource, service ou enjeu de territoire, l’ocĂ©an est essentiel, mais vulnĂ©rable. De multiples risques lui sont associĂ©s, de la submersion Ă  la pollution, et leur gestion nĂ©cessite d’ĂȘtre anticipĂ©e face Ă  l’augmentation des activitĂ©s humaines. Ainsi se pose la question de l’avenir de l’ocĂ©an, cet espace considĂ©rĂ© souvent comme infini et illimitĂ©, qualifiĂ© de gĂ©ostratĂ©gie par les uns et de bien commun par d’autres.Avec ses 135 articles, cet ouvrage, qui mobilise prĂšs de 160 chercheurs et spĂ©cialistes, est un ouvrage de rĂ©fĂ©rence. Il vient Ă©clairer les enjeux actuels liĂ©s Ă  l’ocĂ©an et en rĂ©sonance avec les objectifs du dĂ©veloppement durable de l’ONU. Comprendre et proposer des solutions, telle est son intention
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