Distributional chaotic generalized shifts

Suppose $X$ is a finite discrete space with at least two elements, $\Gamma$ is a nonempty countable set, and consider self--map $\varphi:\Gamma\to\Gamma$. We prove that the generalized shift $\sigma_\varphi:X^\Gamma\to X^\Gamma$ with $\sigma_\varphi((x_\alpha)_{\alpha\in\Gamma})=(x_{\varphi(\alpha)})_{\alpha\in\Gamma}$ (for $(x_\alpha)_{\alpha\in\Gamma}\in X^\Gamma$) is: $\bullet$ distributional chaotic (uniform, type 1, type 2) if and only if $\varphi:\Gamma\to\Gamma$ has at least a non-quasi-periodic point, $\bullet$ dense distributional chaotic if and only if $\varphi:\Gamma\to\Gamma$ does not have any periodic point, $\bullet$ transitive distributional chaotic if and only if $\varphi:\Gamma\to\Gamma$ is one--to--one without any periodic point. We complete the text by counterexamples.Comment: 13 page

Aplikasi Sistem Pakar Pendeteksi Gastroenteritis Berbasis Android

Lack of public understanding of gastroenteritis, which is often suspected as diarrhea, causes the treatment of the disease to be less effective. An expert system application was developed to help people to detect gastroenteritis easily. The application used forward chaining method and best-first-search search algorithm. Expert knowledge was obtained from two doctors of the Gastroenterohepatology of Internal Medicine. The application runs on Android devices and has been able to detect gastroenteritis disease without dehydration, acute dehydration gastroenteritis mild, moderate and severe.Kurangnya pemahaman masyarakat mengenai penyakit gastroenteritis, yang sering dianggap sebagai diare, menyebabkan terjadinya penanganan penyakit tersebut kurang tepat dan efektif. Aplikasi sistem pakar dikembangkan untuk membantu masyarakat mendeteksi penyakit gastroenteritis secara mudah. Aplikasi tersebut menggunakan metode runut maju dan algoritma pencarian best first search. Pengetahuan pakar didapat dari dua orang dokter bagian Gastroenterohepatologi Penyakit Dalam. Aplikasi dijalankan di devais Android dan telah dapat mendeteksi penyakit gastroenteritis tanpa dehidrasi, gastroenteritis akut dehidrasi ringan, sedang dan berat

Advances in Understanding Environmental Risks of Red Mud After the Ajka Spill, Hungary

In the 5 years since the 2010 Ajka red mud spill (Hungary), there have been 46 scientific studies assessing the key risks and impacts associated with the largest single release of bauxite-processing residue (red mud) to the environment. These studies have provided insight into the main environmental concerns, as well as the effectiveness of remedial efforts that can inform future management of red mud elsewhere. The key immediate risks after the spill were associated with the highly caustic nature of the red mud slurry and fine particle size, which once desiccated, could generate fugitive dust. Studies on affected populations showed no major hazards identified beyond caustic exposure, while red mud dust risks were considered equal to or lesser than those provided by urban dusts of similar particle size distribution. The longer-term environmental risks were related to the saline nature of the spill material (salinization of inundated soils) and the release and the potential cycling of oxyanion-forming metals and metalloids (e.g., Al, As, Cr, Mo, and V) in the soil–water environment. Of these, those that are soluble at high pH, inefficiently removed from solution during dilution and likely to be exchangeable at ambient pH are of chief concern (e.g., Mo and V). Various ecotoxicological studies have identified negative impacts of red mud-amended soils and sediments at high volumes (typically [5 %) on different test organisms, with some evidence of molecularlevel impacts at high dose (e.g., genotoxic effects on plants and mice). These data provide a valuable database to inform future toxicological studies for red mud. However, extensive management efforts in the aftermath of the spill greatly limited these exposure risks through leachate neutralization and red mud recovery from the affected land. Monitoring of affected soils, stream sediments, waters and aquatic biota (fungi, invertebrates and fish) have all shown a very rapid recovery toward prespill conditions. The accident also prompted research that has also highlighted potential benefits of red mud use for critical raw material recovery (e.g., Ga, Co, V, rare earths, inform), carbon sequestration, biofuel crop production, and use as a soil ameliorant

Blood pressure-lowering effects of nifedipine/candesartan combinations in high-risk individuals: Subgroup analysis of the DISTINCT randomised trial

The DISTINCT study (reDefining Intervention with Studies Testing Innovative Nifedipine GITS - Candesartan Therapy) investigated the efficacy and safety of nifedipine GITS/candesartan cilexetil combinations vs respective monotherapies and placebo in patients with hypertension. This descriptive sub-analysis examined blood pressure (BP)-lowering effects in high-risk participants, including those with renal impairment (estimated glomerular filtration rate<90 ml min-1, n=422), type 2 diabetes mellitus (n=202), hypercholesterolaemia (n=206) and cardiovascular (CV) risk factors (n=971), as well as the impact of gender, age and body mass index (BMI). Participants with grade I/II hypertension were randomised to treatment with nifedipine GITS (N) 20, 30, 60 mg and/or candesartan cilexetil (C) 4, 8, 16, 32 mg or placebo for 8 weeks. Mean systolic BP and diastolic BP reductions after treatment in high-risk participants were greater, overall, with N/C combinations vs respective monotherapies or placebo, with indicators of a dose-response effect. Highest rates of BP control (ESH/ESC 2013 guideline criteria) were also achieved with highest doses of N/C combinations in each high-risk subgroup. The benefits of combination therapy vs monotherapy were additionally observed in patient subgroups categorised by gender, age or BMI. All high-risk participants reported fewer vasodilatory adverse events in the pooled N/C combination therapy than the N monotherapy group. In conclusion, consistent with the DISTINCT main study outcomes, high-risk participants showed greater reductions in BP and higher control rates with N/C combinations compared with respective monotherapies and lesser vasodilatory side-effects compared with N monotherapy

Android Application of Expert System for Gastroenteritis Detection

Lack of public understanding of gastroenteritis, which is often suspected as diarrhea, causes the treatment of the disease to be less effective. An expert system application was developed to help people to detect gastroenteritis easily. The application used forward chaining method and best-first-search search algorithm. Expert knowledge was obtained from two doctors of the Gastroenterohepatology of Internal Medicine. The application run on Android devices and has been able to detect gastroenteritis disease without dehydration, acute dehydration gastroenteritis mild, moderate and severe.Kurangnya pemahaman masyarakat mengenai penyakit gastroenteritis, yang sering dianggap sebagai diare, menyebabkan terjadinya penanganan penyakit tersebut kurang tepat dan efektif. Aplikasi sistem pakar dikembangkan untuk membantu masyarakat mendeteksi penyakit gastroenteritis secara mudah. Aplikasi tersebut menggunakan metode runut maju dan algoritma pencarian best first search. Pengetahuan pakar didapat dari dua orang dokter bagian Gastroenterohepatologi Penyakit Dalam. Aplikasi dijalankan di devais Android dan telah dapat mendeteksi penyakit gastroenteritis tanpa dehidrasi, gastroenteritis akut dehidrasi ringan, sedang dan berat