Jornada del cálculo de la huella hídrica como una estrategia de educación ambiental en la universidad Santiago de Cali

PublishedEl agua es un recurso natural indispensable para sostener la vida humana; dicho recurso está siendo sometido cada día más a una gran presión antrópica a causa del crecimiento demográfico y el modelo de desarrollo actual. Existe un desequilibrio entre la oferta y la demanda de este recurso hídrico; además está la falta de conciencia sobre el uso que gran parte de la población humana le está dando a este recurso vital. Por lo tanto, es necesario mejorar nuestro conocimiento acerca de la gestión y el cuidado del recurso hídrico, y en particular sobre la huella hídrica, a través de estrategias de educación ambiental, que permitan en un futuro mejorar las estrategias de gobernanza y ahorro de agua de la región y del país

Estrategia didáctica basada en preguntas para favorecer el pensamiento crítico en la clase de gestión ambiental en el Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano -ITM

Introduction: This article shows the results of a didactic strategy applied in an environmental management class at Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano (ITM). Objective: Achieve critical and passionate attitudes in the students towards local environmental problems. Methodology: Group works about environmental issues, exposed in the classroom and oriented by the teacher, based on questions that create controversy. Results: The most approached issues and the most controversial were solid waste in neighborhoods and hydric contamination in local creeks, both with a 23% occurrence. Conclusions: The students demonstrated an improvement concerning their capacity of response, coherence in their argumentation and critical analysis of the environmental issues discussed. Besides, the activity generated a working environment that was very motivating and brought better attention and participation, thus bringing a higher commitment that went beyond the subject itself.Introdução: O presente artigo mostra os resultados de uma estratégia didática aplicada numa classe de Gestão Ambiental (GA) no Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano (ITM). Objetivo: Conseguir nos estudantes atitudes críticas e de compadecimento frente a problemáticas ambientais locais. Metodologia: Trabalho grupal sobre temas ambientais, expostos no sala de aula de classe e orientados pela docente a partir de perguntas geradoras de polêmicas. Resultados: As temáticas mais trabalhadas e que geraram maior polêmica foram manejo de resíduos sólidos em bairros, e contaminação hídrica em quebradas municipais, ambas com um 23 % de ocorrência. Conclusões: Os estudantes mostraram uma melhora quanto à capacidade de resposta, coerência dos argumentos, e análise crítica das problemáticas ambientais discutidas. Ademais, a atividade gerou um clima de trabalho motivador predispondo o atendimento, e a participação comprometida além da matéria.Introducción. El presente artículo muestra los resultados de una estrategia didáctica aplicada en una clase de Gestión Ambiental (GA) en el Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano (ITM). Objetivo. Lograr en los estudiantes actitudes críticas y de apersonamiento frente a problemáticas ambientales locales. Metodología. Trabajo grupal sobre temas ambientales, expuestos en el aula de clase y orientados por la docente a partir de preguntas generadoras de polémicas. Resultados. Las temáticas más trabajadas y que generaron mayor polémica fueron manejo de residuos sólidos en barrios, y contaminación hídrica en quebradas municipales, ambas con un 23 % de ocurrencia. Conclusiones. Los estudiantes mostraron una mejora en cuanto a la capacidad de respuesta, coherencia de los argumentos, y análisis crítico de las problemáticas ambientales discutidas. Además, la actividad generó un clima de trabajo motivador predisponiendo la atención, y la participación comprometida más allá de la asignatura

Gradiente térmico en la ciudad de Medellín y su relación con el crecimiento urbano: estudio de caso

Introduction. Some research has shown that the thermal gradient observed between densely built urban areas and the rural periphery is associated with urban expansion in large cities and is the result of the change in land cover due to urbanization and various activities such as transport and industry. It has been shown that the Aburrá Valley has suffered a remarkable change in temperature increase in the last decades. However, quantitative studies are needed to demonstrate the influence of urban growth on the city temperature through models that allow estimating predictions and supporting the generation of tools and strategies for territorial planning. Objective. Evaluate the relationship between changes in the city temperatures and urban growth. Materials and methods. To estimate surface temperature, we used USGS Landsat satellite images from 2010 to 2014.The atmospheric temperature was obtained from six local weather stations. Results. There was no difference between the two temperature measurement systems (surface and air), and atmospheric temperature variations were evidenced between stations. Conclusions. Using a descriptive model, we found an association between the constructed area and surface temperatures, identifying areas of high degree of densification with evident increases in temperature caused by land uses.Introdução. Algumas investigações há mostrado que o gradiente térmico observado entre os espaços urbanos densamente construídos e a periferia rural está associada com a expansão urbana nas grandes cidades, e é o resultado da modificação na cobertura do solo devido ao processo de urbanização e de atividades como o transporte e a indústria. O Vale de Aburrá há sofrido um câmbio notório no aumento da temperatura nas últimas décadas. Embora, faz falta estudos quantitativos que evidenciem a influência do crescimento urbano sobre a temperatura da cidade, através de modelos que permitam estimar predições que apoiem a geração de ferramentas e estratégias de planificação territorial. Objetivo. Se pretende avaliar o grau de associação entre os câmbios de temperatura na cidade e o crescimento urbano. Materiais e métodos. Se utilizaram imagens de satélites Landsat obtidas do USGS entre 2010 e 2014 para estimar a temperatura superficial.A temperatura atmosférica se obteve de registro de seis estações meteorológicas. Resultados. Não houve diferencia entre os sistemas de medição da temperatura (superficial e atmosférica) e se evidenciaram variações da temperatura atmosférica entre estações. Mediante um modelo descritivo se encontrou uma associação entre a área construída e as temperaturas superficiais, identificando-se zonas de alto grau de adensamento com aumentos evidentes da temperatura mediados pelos usos do solo. Conclusões. Se encontrou uma associação entre a área construída e as temperaturas superficiais, identificando áreas de alto grau de adensamento com evidentes aumentos de temperatura causados pelo uso do solo.Introducción. Algunas investigaciones han mostrado que el gradiente térmico observado entre los espacios urbanos densamente construidos y la periferia rural está asociado con la expansión urbana en las grandes ciudades, y es el resultado de la modificación en la cobertura del suelo debido al proceso de urbanización y de actividades como el transporte y la industria. El Valle de Aburrá ha sufrido un cambio notorio en el aumento de la temperatura en las últimas décadas. Sin embargo, hacen falta estudios cuantitativos que evidencien la influencia del crecimiento urbano sobre la temperatura de la ciudad, a través de modelos que permitan estimar predicciones que apoyen la generación de herramientas y estrategias de planificación territorial. Objetivo. Se pretende evaluar el grado de asociación entre los cambios de temperatura en la ciudad y el crecimiento urbano. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron imágenes satelitales Landsat obtenidas del USGS entre 2010 y 2014 para estimar la temperatura superficial. La temperatura atmosférica se obtuvo de registro de seis estaciones meteorológicas. Resultados. No hubo diferencia entre los sistemas de medición de la temperatura (superficial y atmosférica) y se evidenciaron variaciones de la temperatura atmosférica entre estaciones. Mediante un modelo descriptivo se encontró una asociación entre el área construida y las temperaturas superficiales, identificándose zonas de alto grado de densificación con aumentos evidentes de la temperatura mediados por los usos del suelo. Conclusiones. Se encontró una asociación entre el área construida y las temperaturas superficiales, identificando áreas de alto grado de densificación con evidentes aumentos de temperatura causados por el uso del suelo

Semillero "Cuida tu huella": experiencias, compromisos y proyecciones de la gestión e investigación ambiental en el Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano (ITM)118

This paper introduces the main activities and experiences developed by Cuida tu Huella (take care of your footprint) seedbed, concerning environmental management and research in the Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano, aiming to divulge the impact of this seedbed on the environmental education of the academic community of the ITM. The activities through which the seedbed has notably contributed to the environmental management system (Sistema de Gestión ambiental, SGA) of the ITM are also reported, showing how they have created environmental consciousness and transformed daily habits to others more sustainable, especially concerning the carbon footprint.No presente artigo se apresenta as principais atividades e experiências desenvolvidas pelo projeto Cuida Tua Impressão, com relação à gestão e investigação ambiental no Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano, com o objetivo de dar a conhecer o impacto da gestão do projeto "Cuida tua Impressão" na formação ambiental da população universitária do Instituto Tecnológico metropolitano (ITM). Ademais, dá-se conta das atividades com as que O projeto contribuiu notavelmente ao Sistema de Gestão ambiental (SGA) do ITM, gerando consciência ambiental e transformando os hábitos de vida por outros mais sustentáveis; em especial no tema relacionado com a impressão de carbono.En el presente artículo se presentan las principales actividades y experiencias desarrolladas por el semillero Cuida Tu Huella, con relación a la gestión e investigación ambiental en el Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano, con el objetivo de dar a conocer el impacto de la gestión del semillero "Cuida tu Huella" en la formación ambiental de la población universitaria del Instituto Tecnológico metropolitano (ITM). Además, se da cuenta de las actividades con las que El semillero ha aportado notablemente al Sistema de Gestión ambiental (SGA) del ITM, generando conciencia ambiental y transformando los hábitos de vida por otros más sostenibles; en especial en el tema relacionado con la huella de carbono

Treatments for alopecia areata:a network meta-analysis

Background: Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disease leading to nonscarring hair loss on the scalp or body. There are different treatments including immunosuppressants, hair growth stimulants, and contact immunotherapy.Objectives: To assess the benefits and harms of the treatments for alopecia areata (AA), alopecia totalis (AT), and alopecia universalis (AU) in children and adults.Search methods: The Cochrane Skin Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov and WHO ICTRP were searched up to July 2022.Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated classical immunosuppressants, biologics, small molecule inhibitors, contact immunotherapy, hair growth stimulants, and other therapies in paediatric and adult populations with AA.Data collection and analysis: We used the standard procedures expected by Cochrane including assessment of risks of bias using RoB2 and the certainty of the evidence using GRADE. The primary outcomes were short‐term hair regrowth ≥ 75% (between 12 and 26 weeks of follow‐up), and incidence of serious adverse events. The secondary outcomes were long‐term hair regrowth ≥ 75% (greater than 26 weeks of follow‐up) and health‐related quality of life. We could not perform a network meta‐analysis as very few trials compared the same treatments. We presented direct comparisons and made a narrative description of the findings.Main results: We included 63 studies that tested 47 different treatments in 4817 randomised participants. All trials used a parallel‐group design except one that used a cross‐over design. The mean sample size was 78 participants. All trials recruited outpatients from dermatology clinics. Participants were between 2 and 74 years old. The trials included patients with AA (n = 25), AT (n = 1), AU (n = 1), mixed cases (n = 31), and unclear types of alopecia (n = 4).Thirty‐three out of 63 studies (52.3%) reported the proportion of participants achieving short‐term hair regrowth ≥ 75% (between 12 and 26 weeks). Forty‐seven studies (74.6%) reported serious adverse events and only one study (1.5%) reported health‐related quality of life. Five studies (7.9%) reported the proportion of participants with long‐term hair regrowth ≥ 75% (greater than 26 weeks).Amongst the variety of interventions found, we prioritised some groups of interventions for their relevance to clinical practice: systemic therapies (classical immunosuppressants, biologics, and small molecule inhibitors), and local therapies (intralesional corticosteroids, topical small molecule inhibitors, contact immunotherapy, hair growth stimulants and cryotherapy).Considering only the prioritised interventions, 14 studies from 12 comparisons reported short‐term hair regrowth ≥ 75% and 22 studies from 10 comparisons reported serious adverse events (18 reported zero events and 4 reported at least one). One study (1 comparison) reported quality of life, and two studies (1 comparison) reported long‐term hair regrowth ≥ 75%.For the main outcome of short‐term hair regrowth ≥ 75%, the evidence is very uncertain about the effect of oral prednisolone or cyclosporine versus placebo (RR 4.68, 95% CI 0.57 to 38.27; 79 participants; 2 studies; very low‐certainty evidence), intralesional betamethasone or triamcinolone versus placebo (RR 13.84, 95% CI 0.87 to 219.76; 231 participants; 1 study; very low‐certainty evidence), oral ruxolitinib versus oral tofacitinib (RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.52; 80 participants; 1 study; very low‐certainty evidence), diphencyprone or squaric acid dibutil ester versus placebo (RR 1.16, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.71; 99 participants; 1 study; very‐low‐certainty evidence), diphencyprone or squaric acid dibutyl ester versus topical minoxidil (RR 1.16, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.71; 99 participants; 1 study; very low‐certainty evidence), diphencyprone plus topical minoxidil versus diphencyprone (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.13 to 3.44; 30 participants; 1 study; very low‐certainty evidence), topical minoxidil 1% and 2% versus placebo (RR 2.31, 95% CI 1.34 to 3.96; 202 participants; 2 studies; very low‐certainty evidence) and cryotherapy versus fractional CO2 laser (RR 0.31, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.86; 80 participants; 1 study; very low‐certainty evidence). The evidence suggests oral betamethasone may increase short‐term hair regrowth ≥ 75% compared to prednisolone or azathioprine (RR 1.67, 95% CI 0.96 to 2.88; 80 participants; 2 studies; low‐certainty evidence). There may be little to no difference between subcutaneous dupilumab and placebo in short‐term hair regrowth ≥ 75% (RR 3.59, 95% CI 0.19 to 66.22; 60 participants; 1 study; low‐certainty evidence) as well as between topical ruxolitinib and placebo (RR 5.00, 95% CI 0.25 to 100.89; 78 participants; 1 study; low‐certainty evidence). However, baricitinib results in an increase in short‐term hair regrowth ≥ 75% when compared to placebo (RR 7.54, 95% CI 3.90 to 14.58; 1200 participants; 2 studies; high‐certainty evidence).For the incidence of serious adverse events, the evidence is very uncertain about the effect of topical ruxolitinib versus placebo (RR 0.33, 95% CI 0.01 to 7.94; 78 participants; 1 study; very low‐certainty evidence). Baricitinib and apremilast may result in little to no difference in the incidence of serious adverse events versus placebo (RR 1.47, 95% CI 0.60 to 3.60; 1224 participants; 3 studies; low‐certainty evidence). The same result is observed for subcutaneous dupilumab compared to placebo (RR 1.54, 95% CI 0.07 to 36.11; 60 participants; 1 study; low‐certainty evidence).For health‐related quality of life, the evidence is very uncertain about the effect of oral cyclosporine compared to placebo (MD 0.01, 95% CI ‐0.04 to 0.07; very low‐certainty evidence).Baricitinib results in an increase in long‐term hair regrowth ≥ 75% compared to placebo (RR 8.49, 95% CI 4.70 to 15.34; 1200 participants; 2 studies; high‐certainty evidence).Regarding the risk of bias, the most relevant issues were the lack of details about randomisation and allocation concealment, the limited efforts to keep patients and assessors unaware of the assigned intervention, and losses to follow‐up.Authors' conclusions: We found that treatment with baricitinib results in an increase in short‐ and long‐term hair regrowth compared to placebo. Although we found inconclusive results for the risk of serious adverse effects with baricitinib, the reported small incidence of serious adverse events in the baricitinib arm should be balanced with the expected benefits. We also found that the impact of other treatments on hair regrowth is very uncertain. Evidence for health‐related quality of life is still scant.</p

Treatments for alopecia areata:a network meta-analysis

Background: Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disease leading to nonscarring hair loss on the scalp or body. There are different treatments including immunosuppressants, hair growth stimulants, and contact immunotherapy.Objectives: To assess the benefits and harms of the treatments for alopecia areata (AA), alopecia totalis (AT), and alopecia universalis (AU) in children and adults.Search methods: The Cochrane Skin Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov and WHO ICTRP were searched up to July 2022.Selection criteriaWe included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated classical immunosuppressants, biologics, small molecule inhibitors, contact immunotherapy, hair growth stimulants, and other therapies in paediatric and adult populations with AA.Data collection and analysis: We used the standard procedures expected by Cochrane including assessment of risks of bias using RoB2 and the certainty of the evidence using GRADE. The primary outcomes were short‐term hair regrowth ≥ 75% (between 12 and 26 weeks of follow‐up), and incidence of serious adverse events. The secondary outcomes were long‐term hair regrowth ≥ 75% (greater than 26 weeks of follow‐up) and health‐related quality of life. We could not perform a network meta‐analysis as very few trials compared the same treatments. We presented direct comparisons and made a narrative description of the findings.Main results: We included 63 studies that tested 47 different treatments in 4817 randomised participants. All trials used a parallel‐group design except one that used a cross‐over design. The mean sample size was 78 participants. All trials recruited outpatients from dermatology clinics. Participants were between 2 and 74 years old. The trials included patients with AA (n = 25), AT (n = 1), AU (n = 1), mixed cases (n = 31), and unclear types of alopecia (n = 4).Thirty‐three out of 63 studies (52.3%) reported the proportion of participants achieving short‐term hair regrowth ≥ 75% (between 12 and 26 weeks). Forty‐seven studies (74.6%) reported serious adverse events and only one study (1.5%) reported health‐related quality of life. Five studies (7.9%) reported the proportion of participants with long‐term hair regrowth ≥ 75% (greater than 26 weeks).Amongst the variety of interventions found, we prioritised some groups of interventions for their relevance to clinical practice: systemic therapies (classical immunosuppressants, biologics, and small molecule inhibitors), and local therapies (intralesional corticosteroids, topical small molecule inhibitors, contact immunotherapy, hair growth stimulants and cryotherapy).Considering only the prioritised interventions, 14 studies from 12 comparisons reported short‐term hair regrowth ≥ 75% and 22 studies from 10 comparisons reported serious adverse events (18 reported zero events and 4 reported at least one). One study (1 comparison) reported quality of life, and two studies (1 comparison) reported long‐term hair regrowth ≥ 75%.For the main outcome of short‐term hair regrowth ≥ 75%, the evidence is very uncertain about the effect of oral prednisolone or cyclosporine versus placebo (RR 4.68, 95% CI 0.57 to 38.27; 79 participants; 2 studies; very low‐certainty evidence), intralesional betamethasone or triamcinolone versus placebo (RR 13.84, 95% CI 0.87 to 219.76; 231 participants; 1 study; very low‐certainty evidence), oral ruxolitinib versus oral tofacitinib (RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.52; 80 participants; 1 study; very low‐certainty evidence), diphencyprone or squaric acid dibutil ester versus placebo (RR 1.16, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.71; 99 participants; 1 study; very‐low‐certainty evidence), diphencyprone or squaric acid dibutyl ester versus topical minoxidil (RR 1.16, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.71; 99 participants; 1 study; very low‐certainty evidence), diphencyprone plus topical minoxidil versus diphencyprone (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.13 to 3.44; 30 participants; 1 study; very low‐certainty evidence), topical minoxidil 1% and 2% versus placebo (RR 2.31, 95% CI 1.34 to 3.96; 202 participants; 2 studies; very low‐certainty evidence) and cryotherapy versus fractional CO2 laser (RR 0.31, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.86; 80 participants; 1 study; very low‐certainty evidence). The evidence suggests oral betamethasone may increase short‐term hair regrowth ≥ 75% compared to prednisolone or azathioprine (RR 1.67, 95% CI 0.96 to 2.88; 80 participants; 2 studies; low‐certainty evidence). There may be little to no difference between subcutaneous dupilumab and placebo in short‐term hair regrowth ≥ 75% (RR 3.59, 95% CI 0.19 to 66.22; 60 participants; 1 study; low‐certainty evidence) as well as between topical ruxolitinib and placebo (RR 5.00, 95% CI 0.25 to 100.89; 78 participants; 1 study; low‐certainty evidence). However, baricitinib results in an increase in short‐term hair regrowth ≥ 75% when compared to placebo (RR 7.54, 95% CI 3.90 to 14.58; 1200 participants; 2 studies; high‐certainty evidence).For the incidence of serious adverse events, the evidence is very uncertain about the effect of topical ruxolitinib versus placebo (RR 0.33, 95% CI 0.01 to 7.94; 78 participants; 1 study; very low‐certainty evidence). Baricitinib and apremilast may result in little to no difference in the incidence of serious adverse events versus placebo (RR 1.47, 95% CI 0.60 to 3.60; 1224 participants; 3 studies; low‐certainty evidence). The same result is observed for subcutaneous dupilumab compared to placebo (RR 1.54, 95% CI 0.07 to 36.11; 60 participants; 1 study; low‐certainty evidence).For health‐related quality of life, the evidence is very uncertain about the effect of oral cyclosporine compared to placebo (MD 0.01, 95% CI ‐0.04 to 0.07; very low‐certainty evidence).Baricitinib results in an increase in long‐term hair regrowth ≥ 75% compared to placebo (RR 8.49, 95% CI 4.70 to 15.34; 1200 participants; 2 studies; high‐certainty evidence).Regarding the risk of bias, the most relevant issues were the lack of details about randomisation and allocation concealment, the limited efforts to keep patients and assessors unaware of the assigned intervention, and losses to follow‐up.Authors' conclusions: We found that treatment with baricitinib results in an increase in short‐ and long‐term hair regrowth compared to placebo. Although we found inconclusive results for the risk of serious adverse effects with baricitinib, the reported small incidence of serious adverse events in the baricitinib arm should be balanced with the expected benefits. We also found that the impact of other treatments on hair regrowth is very uncertain. Evidence for health‐related quality of life is still scant.</p

Proyección e Innovación Social Vol. 2

PublishedLas instituciones de educación superior en nuestro continente hasta mediados del siglo XIX desarrollaron sus propuestas formativas desde el salón de clases, complementadas con las exigencias de la revolución industrial al promover procesos de investigación. Con las revoluciones políticas de comienzos del siglo XX se intronizan en culturas y gobiernos de democracia occidental la necesidad de atender “lo social”, tema hasta entonces propio de la filantropía y la caridad, por mandato de las ideas de Maquiavelo, Locke y Smith. Solo con las Reformas de Cordoba (1918) las universidades latinoamericanas colocan sus saberes y experiencia para atender y acompañar diferentes estamentos sociales en sus preocupaciones y posibilidades surgiendo así la función sustantiva de proyección social u extensión universitaria. Desde allí la universidad hace más útil y pertinente su proyecto educativo mediante una interacción dialógica con las comunidades donde realiza sus asesorías, consultorías, educación continua y practicas estudiantiles al aportar sus conocimientos al medio externo y al nutrir docencia e investigación con los aprendizajes y cuestionamientos de usuarios de sus programas. Es allí donde se genera valor desde su quehacer misional, desde su innovación social. Esa es principalmente su importancia como institución de educación superior: aporta y crece