The Utilization of Poultry Breast Muscle of Different Quality Classes

The literature review dealt with the principles and methods for the evaluation of the quality of raw meat and meat product in different aspects. The factors influencing the quality of meat products were also involved. A new type of muscular dystrophy in broiler Musculus pectoralis, wooden breast, has been found in broilers. The dystrophy results in fibrinogenesis and thus local hardening in the muscle, but poses no health risk in human consumption. The aim of the study was to explore the maximal percentage of wooden breast that can be used in the meat products without causing a perceived quality defect. In the preliminary tests, wooden breast was incorporated with normal meat in different percentages to make sausage and chicken nuggets. Different methods of comminuting were also applied in the processing of wooden breast. The quality of the products was evaluated through the measuring in different aspects. Comparison was made between normal products and products containing wooden breast, so that a maximal addition percentage of wooden breast was obtained. The results of the preliminary test were later verified in the pilot plant. The addition of wooden breast increased the shear force and binding strength of the sausage and finely chopped chicken nuggets but resulted little change on the shear force and binding strength of the ground chicken nuggets. The pH, redness, and yellowness of all types of products declined with the wooden breast treatment. Lightness of the products was increased by wooden breast. Through the verification in the pilot plant, sausage and two types of chicken nuggets allow the addition of wooden breast to replace at least 15% and 30% of the lean meat in the recipe, respectively. Due to the low incidence of the dystrophy, that high additions will not be necessary in the practice

Prepartal overfeeding alters the lipidomic profiles in the liver and the adipose tissue of transition dairy cows

Introduction Physiological adaptations in the energy metabolism of dairy cows during the periparturient period are partly mediated by insulin resistance (IR), which may subsequently induce metabolic disorders postpartum. The molecular mechanisms underlying IR in dairy cows are largely unknown. Objective This study aimed to find a novel insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying IR in dairy cows during the periparturient period by analyzing the effects of prepartal overfeeding on the lipidomic profiles in the liver and adipose tissue (AT). Methods Sixteen cows were allocated to controlled-energy and high-energy feeding groups. Lipidomic profiling was conducted on liver and adipose tissue samples collected at 8 days prior to the predicted parturition, and 1 day (only AT) and 9 days after the actual parturition. Results Five ceramides (Cers) were identified to be significantly increased by prepartal overfeeding in AT in the analysis of the variance between groups within time points. Principal component-linear discriminant analysis showed that lipidomic profiles between the feeding groups were mainly characterized by phosphatidylcholines (PC), phosphatidylethanolamines (PE), lysophophosphatidylcholines (LysoPC), and lysophosphatidylethanolamines (LysoPE) in the liver, and by Cer, PE, and phosphatidylinositols (PI) in AT. Lipid class levels indicated that prepartal overfeeding elevated the concentration of PE, PI, LysoPC, LysoPE, and sphingomyelin in the liver, and increased the concentration of Cer in AT during the periparturient period. Conclusion Prepartal overfeeding significantly altered the concentrations of various sphingolipids, phospholipids, and lysophospholipids in the liver and AT of dairy cows during the periparturient period.Peer reviewe

Prepartal high-energy feeding with grass silage-based diets does not disturb the hepatic adaptation of dairy cows during the periparturient period

The liver of dairy cow naturally undergoes metabolic adaptation during the periparturient period in response to the increasing demand for nutrients. The hepatic adaptation is affected by prepartal energy intake level and is potentially associated with inflammatory responses. lb study the changes in the liver function during the periparturient period, 16 cows (body condition score = 3.7 +/- 0.3, mean +/- standard deviation; parity = second through fourth) were allocated to a grass silage-based controlled-energy diet (104 MJ/d) or a high-energy diet (135 MJ/d) during the last 6 wk before the predicted parturition. Liver samples were collected by biopsy at 8 d before the predicted parturition (-8 d) and at 1 and 9 d after the actual parturition (1 and 9 d). The lipidomic profile of liver samples collected at -8 and 9 d was analyzed using ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based lipidomics. Liver samples from all the time points were subjected to microarray analysis and the subsequent pathway analysis with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software (Ingenuity Systems, Mountain View, CA). Prepartal energy intake level affected hepatic gene expression and lipidomic profiles prepartum, whereas little or no effect was observed postpartum. At. 8 d, hepatic lipogenesis was promoted by prepartal high-energy feeding through the activation of X receptor/retinoid X receptor pathway and through increased transcription of thyroid hormone-responsive (THRSP). Hepatic inflammatory and acute phase responses at -8 d were suppressed (z-score = -2.236) by prepartal high-energy feeding through the increase in the mRNA abundance of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS9) and the decrease in the mRNA abundance of interleukin 1 (IL1), nuclear factor kappa B 1 (NFKB1), apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1), serum amyloid A3 (SAA3), haptoglobin (HP), lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), and inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 3 (ITIH3). Moreover, prepartal high-energy feeding elevated hepatic concentrations of C18- (7%), C20- (17%), C21(26%), C23-sphingomyelins (26%), and total saturated sphingomyelin (21%). In addition, cows in both groups displayed increased lipogenesis at the gene expression level after parturition and alterations in the concentration of various sphingolipids between the first and last samplings. In conclusion, prepartal high-energy feeding promoted lipogenesis and suppressed inflammatory and acute phase responses in the liver before parturition, whereas only minor effects were observed after parturition.Peer reviewe

Dietary supplement of conjugated linoleic acids or polyunsaturated fatty acids suppressed the mobilization of body fat reserves in dairy cows at early lactation through different pathways

To investigate the metabolic (.11, !I:2.es in the adipose tissue (AT) of dairy cows under milk fat depression (MFD), 30 cows were randomly allocated to a control diet, a conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-supplemented diet, or a high-starch diet supplemented with a mixture of sunflower and fish oil (2:1; as HSO diet) from 1 to 112 d in milk. Performance of animals, milk yield, milk composition, energy balance, and blood metabolites were measured during lactation. Quantitative PCR analyses were conducted on the AT samples collected at wk 3 and 15 of lactation. The CLA and HSO diets considerably depressed milk fat yield and milk fat content at both wk 3 and 15 in the absence of significant changes in milk protein and lactose contents. In addition, the HSO diet lowered milk yield at wk 15 and decreased dry matter intake of cows from wk 3 to 15. Compared with the control, both CLA and HSO groups showed reduced body weight loss, improved energy balance, and decreased plasma concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate at early lactation. The gene expression analyses reflected suppressed lipolysis in AT of the CLA and HSO groups compared with the control at wk 3, as suggested by the downregulation of hormone-sensitive lipase and fatty acid binding protein 4 and the upregulation of perilipin 2. In addition, the HSO diet promoted lipogenesis in AT at wk 15 through the upregulation of 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 2, mitochondria' glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, perilipin 2, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. The CLA diet likely regulated insulin sensitivity in AT as it upregulated the transcription of various genes involved in insulin signaling, inflammatory responses, and ceramide metabolism, including protein kinase B2, nuclear factor kappa B1, toll-like receptor 4, caveolin 1, serine palmitoyltransferase long chain base subunit 1, and N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase 1. In contrast, the HSO diet resulted in little or no change in the pathways relevant to insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, the CLA and HSO diets induced a shift in energy partitioning toward AT instead of mammary gland during lactation through the regulation of different pathways.Peer reviewe

Mineral concentrations in milk from cows fed seaweed (Saccharina latissima) under different basal protein supplementation

Sixteen multiparous Holstein cows in four blocks of 4 x 4 Latin square over 4-week experimental periods were used to study the effects of seaweed (Saccharina latissima) supplement (with/without) and protein source (rapeseed meal (RSM)/wheat distiller's grain (WDG)) on milk mineral concentrations. Dietary treatments did not affect milk production and basic composition. Feeding seaweed slightly decreased milk Ca and Cu concentrations; whilst increased (by 3.3-fold) milk iodine (I) concentration, due to a higher dietary I supply. Substitution of WDG with RSM increased feed-to-milk transfer of Ca, Na, and Se and decreased that of Mg, P, Fe, and Mn; but only reduced milk Mn and I concentrations (the latter by 27 % as a potential result of increased glucosinolate intake). Seaweed supplement can improve milk I content when cows' I supply/availability is limited, but care should be taken to avoid excess milk I contents that may pose nutritional risks for young children.Peer reviewe

Macromineral and trace element concentrations and their seasonal variation in milk from organic and conventional dairy herds

To study the effects of dairy production system on milk macromineral and trace element concentrations, milk samples were collected monthly in 2019 from 43 conventional and 27 organic farms. Organic milk contained more Ca (1049.5 vs. 995.8 mg/kg), K (1383.6 vs. 1362.4 mg/kg), P (806.5 vs. 792.5 mg/kg) and Mo (73.3 vs. 60.6 μg/kg) but less Cu (52.4 vs. 60.6 μg/kg), Fe (0.66 vs 2.03 mg/kg), Mn (28.8 vs. 45.0 μg/kg), Zn (4.51 vs. 5.00 mg/kg) and Al (0.32 vs. 1.14 μg/kg) than conventional milk. Significant seasonal variation was observed in all determined minerals’ concentrations. Milk I concentration was not consistently affected by production system, whereas organic milk contained less I in June and July than conventional milk. Dietary factors contributing to different milk mineral concentrations between production systems included intakes of maize silage, dry-straights and oils (higher in conventional diets), and pasture, clover and wholecrop (higher in organic diets)

Mineral concentrations in bovine milk from farms with contrasting grazing management

Thirty conventional and 24 organic dairy farms were divided into equal-number within system groups: high-pasture, standard-pasture and low-pasture groups. Milk samples were collected monthly for 12 consecutive months. Milk from high-pasture organic farms contained less fat and protein than standard- and low-pasture organic farms, but more lactose than low-pasture organic farms. Pasture, concentrate feeds intakes and the contribution of non-Holstein breeds were the key drivers for these changes. Milk Ca and P concentrations were lower in standard-pasture conven-tional farms than the other conventional groups. Milk from low-pasture organic farms contained less Ca than high- and standard-pasture organic farms, while high-pasture organic farms produced milk with the highest Sn concentration. Differences in mineral concentrations were driven by the contribution of non-Holstein breeds, feeding practices, and grazing activity; due to relatively low numerical differences the subsequent impact on consumers’ mineral intakes would be minor

Effects of dietary management on the energy metabolism of periparturient dairy cows : regulation of lipidome and transcriptome

High-producing dairy cows suffer from metabolic stress, particularly during the periparturient period. The high nutrient demand of milk production leaves the animals susceptible to various metabolic diseases after calving. Improving the health and welfare of high-producing dairy cows has been a long-term goal of dairy research and it is critical for the sustainability of the dairy industry. Previous research has suggested that the nutrition strategies during the dry period and early lactation have significant impacts on dairy cow metabolism after calving. Therefore, careful dietary management in the weeks leading up to and immediately after calving is important for dairy cow health and welfare. In this thesis, the cows received two types of dietary management: a prepartal high-energy feeding regimen and a milk fat depression (MFD) feeding regimen in two experiments, respectively. The high-energy feeding provided 130% of the recommended intake of a pregnant dairy cow during the last six weeks before parturition. The MFD diet was achieved by applying either a diet with a conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplement (cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA; 10–15 g/d for each) or a high-starch diet (202 g/kg of dry matter) with polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplement (40 g/kg of dry matter; mixture of sunflower oil and fish oil in a 2:1 ratio). The primary objective of this thesis was to investigate the effects of the dietary management on the energy metabolism and insulin resistance of dairy cows. Moreover, the study was aimed to investigate the potential molecular mechanisms underlying maternal insulin resistance and the physiological adaptation of dairy cows during the periparturient period based on analyses of lipidome and transcriptome. The prepartal high-energy feeding of dairy cows affected the lipidomic profiles in the liver and adipose tissue during the periparturient period. The diet effect was particularly evident in sphingolipid concentrations. The high-energy diet increased the hepatic total sphingomyelin concentration at both 1 wk prepartum and 1 wk postpartum. In the adipose tissue, the total ceramide concentration was elevated by the prepartal high-energy feeding at 1 wk prepartum. Of these sphingolipids, the highest sensitivity to prepartal energy levels was displayed in the adipose tissue by several ceramide subspecies and in the liver by sphingomyelin subspecies that contained a long-chain or very long chain fatty acids. In addition, the high-energy feeding elevated the concentrations of various phospholipid and lysophospholipid classes in the liver and altered the time-related patterns in the concentrations of various phospholipid classes in the adipose tissue. Analysis of the hepatic gene expression revealed that prepartal high-energy feeding promoted hepatic lipogenesis at 1 wk prepartum by upregulating the transcription of the thyroid hormone responsive gene and the liver X receptor/retinoid X receptor activation pathway. The hepatic inflammatory status was potentially reduced by the prepartal high-energy feeding at 1 wk prepartum, as suggested by the downregulation of the acute phase signalling pathway and the decreased transcription of the pro-inflammatory genes interleukin 1 and nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1. Both the MFD-inducing diets improved the energy balance and decreased plasma levels of non-esterified fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate during early lactation. The CLA-supplemented diet reduced the plasma levels of ceruloplasmin and bilirubin at wk 3 of lactation, suggesting an attenuated inflammation status. However, the high-starch and PUFA-supplemented diet had the opposite effect by increasing the levels of ceruloplasmin and bilirubin at wk 15 of lactation. Both the CLA-supplemented diet and the high-starch and PUFA-supplemented diet downregulated lipolysis in the adipose tissue at wk 3 of lactation by reducing the transcription of hormone-sensitive lipase and fatty acid binding protein 4. The decreased lipolysis resulted in increased lipid deposition in the adipose tissue during early lactation, reflected by the increased transcription of perilipin 2. Lipogenesis in the adipose tissue was potentially increased by the high-starch and PUFA-supplemented diet at wk 15 of lactation. In contrast, the CLA-supplemented diet had no effect on lipogenesis at both wk 3 and 15 of lactation. The CLA supplement likely affected lipid metabolism in the adipose tissue through the regulation of insulin sensitivity, as the diet affected gene expression related to the insulin signalling pathway, the inflammatory response and ceramide metabolism. In contrast, the high-starch and PUFA-supplemented diet had little or no effect on these insulin-related pathways and therefore it may have regulated lipid metabolism in the adipose tissue through other pathways. In conclusion, increasing prepartal energy intake (130% of the energy requirement for a pregnant dairy cow) did not impair the normal liver function and insulin sensitivity of dairy cows near calving. Moreover, this diet attenuated the hepatic inflammatory status during the final stage of pregnancy. Both the CLA-supplemented diet and the high-starch and PUFA-supplemented diet potentially reduced the cows’ metabolic stress by decreasing the necessity to mobilize body reserves. However, these two MFD-inducing diets may have had different effects on the inflammatory status of dairy cows. The CLA supplement may attenuate systemic inflammation during early lactation, while the high-starch and PUFA-supplemented diet may have exacerbated inflammation during the later lactation stages.Poikimisen läheisyydessä korkeatuottoiset lypsylehmät kärsivät metabolisesta stressistä. Maidontuotanto vaatii runsaasti ravintoaineita ja altistaa eläimet aineenvaihduntasairauksille poikimisen jälkeen. Lypsylehmätutkimuksen tavoitteena on ollut pitkään korkeatuottoisten lypsylehmien terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin parantaminen ja tätä voidaan pitää kriittisenä maidontuotannon kestävyyden näkökulmasta. Aikaisempien tutkimusten perusteella ummessaolokauden ja alkulaktaation ruokintastrategialla on merkittävä vaikutus lypsylehmän poikimisen jälkeiseen aineenvaihduntaan. Ruokinnan tarkka suunnittelu poikimista edeltävinä viikkoina ja välittömästi poikimisen jälkeen on tärkeää lypsylehmien terveydelle ja hyvinvoinnille. Väitöstyössä tutkittiin kahta erilaista ruokintastrategiaa: poikimista edeltävä runsasenerginen ruokinta sekä poikimisen jälkeen maidon rasvapitoisuutta voimakkaasti vähentävä (milk fat depression, MFD) ruokinta. Runsasenerginen ruokinta sisälsi 130 % tiineiden lypsylehmien ruokintasuositusten mukaisesta energian saannista kuuden viikon ajan ennen poikimista. MFD-ruokinta toteutettiin joko lisäämällä ruokintaan konjugoitua linolihappoa (conjugated linoleic acid, cis-9, trans-11 ja trans-10, cis-12 CLA; 10-15 g/pv kumpaakin) tai lisäämällä tärkkelyspitoiseen ruokintaan (202 g/kg kuiva-ainetta) monityydyttymättömiä rasvahappoja (polyunsaturated fatty acids, PUFA, 40 g/kg kuiva-ainetta öljyseosta, jossa 2:1 auringonkukkaöljyä ja kalaöljyä). Väitöstyön päätavoitteena oli tutkia ruokintastrategioiden vaikutuksia lypsylehmien energia-aineenvaihduntaan ja insuliiniresistenssiin. Lisäksi väitöstyössä tutkittiin maternaalisen insuliiniresistenssin ja fysiologisen sopeutumisen mahdollisia molekyylitason mekanismeja analysoimalla lipidomia ja transkriptomia poikimisen läheisyydessä. Poikimista edeltävä runsasenerginen ruokinta vaikutti maksa- ja rasvakudoksen lipidiprofiileihin poikimisen läheisyydessä. Ruokinta vaikutti erityisesti sfingolipidien pitoisuuksiin. Maksassa runsasenerginen ruokinta lisäsi sfingomyeliinien kokonaispitoisuutta sekä viikko ennen poikimista, että viikko poikimisen jälkeen. Rasvakudoksessa poikimista edeltävä runsasenerginen ruokinta lisäsi keramidien kokonaispitoisuutta viikko ennen poikimista. Poikimista edeltävällä ruokinnalla oli selvimmät vaikutukset useisiin rasvakudoksen keramideihin ja maksan sfingomyeliineihin, jotka sisälsivät pitkäketjuisia tai erittäin pitkäketjuisia rasvahappoja. Lisäksi runsasenerginen ruokinta lisäsi useiden maksan fosfolipidi- ja lysofosfolipidi –luokkien pitoisuuksia ja muutti useiden fosfolipidi-luokkien ajallista vaihtelua rasvakudoksessa. Maksan geenitoiminnan analyysi osoitti, että runsasenerginen ruokinta lisäsi lipogeneesiä viikko ennen poikimista lisäämällä transkriptiota kilpirauhashormoniin reagoivassa geenissä ja maksan X- reseptorin/retinoidi-X –reseptorin aktivoimassa reaktiotiessä. Akuutin vaiheen soluviestinnän geenien ja tulehdusta edistävien interleukiini 1 ja tumatekijä kappa B alayksikkö 1 –geenien transkription heikkeneminen viittaa siihen, että poikimista edeltävä runsasenerginen ruokinta alensi maksan tulehdustilaa viikko ennen poikimista. Molemmat MFD-ruokinnat paransivat energiatasetta ja vähensivät plasman vapaiden rasvahappojen ja betahydroksivoihapon pitoisuuksia alkulaktaatiossa. CLA-ruokinnalla plasman keruloplasmiinin ja bilirubiinin pitoisuudet olivat pienemmät kolmannella laktaatioviikolla, mikä viittaa tulehduksen vähenemiseen. Toisaalta tärkkelys-PUFA -ruokinta vaikutti päinvastaisesti lisäämällä keruloplasmiinin ja bilirubiinin pitoisuuksia 15. laktaatioviikolla. Sekä CLA-ruokinta että tärkkelys-PUFA -ruokinta vähensivät rasvakudoksen lipolyysiä kolmannella laktaatioviikolla, mitä osoittaa hormonisensitiivisen lipaasin ja rasvahappoja sitovan proteiinin 4 geenien transkription väheneminen. Perilipiini 2 –geenin transkription lisääntyminen tukee käsitystä vähentyneen lipolyysin seurauksena lisääntyneestä rasvan varastoitumisesta rasvakudokseen alkulaktaatiossa. Tärkkelys-PUFA -ruokinta mahdollisesti lisäsi lipogeneesiä rasvakudoksessa 15. laktaatioviikolla. Sitä vastoin CLA-ruokinta ei vaikuttanut lipogeneesiin laktaatioviikoilla 3 tai 15. Todennäköisesti CLA vaikutti rasvakudoksen aineenvaihduntaan säätelemällä insuliiniherkkyyttä, sillä ruokinta vaikutti insuliinin signaloinnin, tulehdusvasteen ja keramidien aineenvaihdunnan geenitoimintaan. Tälle vastakohtaisesti tärkkelys-PUFA -ruokinnalla oli vähän tai ei lainkaan vaikutusta näihin insuliiniin liittyviin reaktioteihin ja siksi ruokinta saattoi säädellä rasvakudoksen aineenvaihdunnan muita reaktioteitä. Johtopäätöksenä todettiin, että poikimista edeltävän energiansaannin lisääminen (130 %:iin tiineen lypsylehmän energiantarpeesta) ei heikentänyt lypsylehmien maksan normaalia toimintaa tai insuliiniherkkyyttä poikimisen läheisyydessä. Lisäksi tällä ruokinnalla voitiin vähentää maksan tulehdustilaa tiineyden loppuvaiheessa. Sekä CLA-ruokinta että tärkkelys-PUFA -ruokinta mahdollisesti vähensivät lehmien metabolista stressiä vähentämällä kudosvarastojen käyttöä. Näillä kahdella MFD-ruokinnalla oli kuitenkin erilainen vaikutus lehmien tulehdustilaan. CLA-ruokinta saattoi vaimentaa systeemistä tulehdusta alkulaktaatiossa, kun taas tärkkelys-PUFA -ruokinta saattoi pahentaa tulehdustilaa laktaation myöhemmässä vaiheessa

The effects of in-feed resin acid composition on the colostrum composition and immunity of dairy cows

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