Maize for silage II. The effect of urea and acid as preservative treament on rumen fermentations and on feeding values of silages

The rumen fermentations and N-balances of rumen fistulated sheep were studied on diets of silages treated with urea and acid preservative. The digestibilities and feeding values of the silages were also calculated. The experiment was performed according to 5 x 5 Latin-square design. The digestibilities were determined by total collection the collection period lasting seven days. The rumen samples were taken on the last two days during the collection periods before and 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 hours after feeding. Besides the silages the animals received mineral mixture and water ad libitum. Urea or acid treatment had no effect (P > 0.05) on the consumption of silage DM. The consumption ranged from 1.7 to 1.9 kg DM/100 kg liveweight. Urea did not have a clear effect on the VFA production in the rumen. It tended, however, to decrease the proportions of C3 and C4—C5 acids in the rumen. Acid preservative decreased the production of VFA and the proportion of C3-acid (P 0.05) were found between the energy values, which varied between 0,12—0.14 f.u./kg of silage. There were no differences in the N-balances of the animals on different diets. The balances were positive on all diets

Data related to the manufacturing and mechanical performance of 3D-printed metal honeycombs

The data available in this article include 3D mechanical designs used for the computer-aided fabrication of metal honeycombs produced by additive manufacturing and studied in [1]. In addition, the force-displacement data utilized to evaluate the mechanical performance of the metal used in this study are available via the digital image correlation technique. Further, the surface features obtained using 3D scanning microscopy of the fabricated parts are available as raw files and processed data. Finally, the impact test data are presented as high-frame-rate videos showing the time-displacement numerical values. This information has been provided in this data article to complement the related research, serve as a guide for future studies, and ensure the data's repeatability and reliability of the related research paper. The research article [1] investigates the mechanical performance and failure mechanism of additively manufactured metallic honeycombs under various scenarios, from quasi-static to dynamic loading. It also investigates the design optimization of these energy-absorbing hollow structures by comparing hollow structures made of three distinct novel cell designs (triangular, diamond-shaped, and diamond-shaped with curved walls) with traditional honeycombs made of hexagonal cells

Cognitive Neuropsychology of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders

Advances in the treatment of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have dramatically improved survival rates over the past 10 years, but HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain highly prevalent and continue to represent a significant public health problem. This review provides an update on the nature, extent, and diagnosis of HAND. Particular emphasis is placed on critically evaluating research within the realm of cognitive neuropsychology that aims to elucidate the component processes of HAND across the domains of executive functions, motor skills, speeded information processing, episodic memory, attention/working memory, language, and visuoperception. In addition to clarifying the cognitive mechanisms of HAND (e.g., impaired cognitive control), the cognitive neuropsychology approach may enhance the ecological validity of neuroAIDS research and inform the development of much needed novel, targeted cognitive and behavioral therapies

The 4Cs of adaptation tracking: consistency, comparability, comprehensiveness, coherency

Adaptation tracking seeks to characterize, monitor, and compare general trends in climate change adaptation over time and across nations. Recognized as essential for evaluating adaptation progress, there have been few attempts to develop systematic approaches for tracking adaptation. This is reflected in polarized opinions, contradictory findings, and lack of understanding on the state of adaptation globally. In this paper, we outline key methodological considerations necessary for adaptation tracking research to produce systematic, rigorous, comparable, and usable insights that can capture the current state of adaptation globally, provide the basis for characterizing and evaluating adaptations taking place, facilitate examination of what conditions explain differences in adaptation action across jurisdictions, and can underpin the monitoring of change in adaptation over time. Specifically, we argue that approaches to adaptation tracking need to (i) utilize a consistent and operational conceptualization of adaptation, (ii) focus on comparable units of analysis, (iii) use and develop comprehensive datasets on adaptation action, and (iv) be coherent with our understanding of what constitutes real adaptation. Collectively, these form the 4Cs of adaptation tracking (consistency, comparability, comprehensiveness, and coherency)

Assessing treatment outcomes in multiple sclerosis trials and in the clinical setting

Increasing numbers of drugs are being developed for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). Measurement of relevant outcomes is key for assessing the efficacy of new drugs in clinical trials and for monitoring responses to disease-modifying drugs in individual patients. Most outcomes used in trial and clinical settings reflect either clinical or neuroimaging aspects of MS (such as relapse and accrual of disability or the presence of visible inflammation and brain tissue loss, respectively). However, most measures employed in clinical trials to assess treatment effects are not used in routine practice. In clinical trials, the appropriate choice of outcome measures is crucial because the results determine whether a drug is considered effective and therefore worthy of further development; in the clinic, outcome measures can guide treatment decisions, such as choosing a first-line disease-modifying drug or escalating to second-line treatment. This Review discusses clinical, neuroimaging and composite outcome measures for MS, including patient-reported outcome measures, used in both trials and the clinical setting. Its aim is to help clinicians and researchers navigate through the multiple options encountered when choosing an outcome measure. Barriers and limitations that need to be overcome to translate trial outcome measures into the clinical setting are also discussed

P-T path fluid evolution in the Gross Spitzkoppe granite stock, Namibia

The Gross Spitzkoppe granite stock (GSS) is a zoned 30 km2 epizonal intrusion that consists of three main granites: 1) medium-grained biotite granite (marginal), 2) a coarse-grained biotite granite, and 3) a central, porphyritic granite. The stock contains pegmatites as banded marginal stockscheiders and isolated pockets composed of large alkali feldspar and quartz, dark mica, interstitial fluorite, and euhedral topaz and beryl crystals. In the porphyritic granite there are local wolframite-bearing greisens and hydrothermal fluorite and topaz-rich veins. Fluid inclusion studies were conducted on: 1) topaz and quartz crystals from the marginal stockscheider; 2) quartz, topaz, fluorite and beryl crystals from isolated pegmatites; 3) topaz from a miarolitic pegmatite; 4) beryl and quartz veins from greisenized porphyritic granite; and 5) fluorite from a late fluorite vein in the coarse-grained biotite granite. Preliminary data indicate the presence of three compositionally distinct primary and pseudosecondary inclusion types that are of late magmatic-hydrothermal origin. Type 1. Low salinity (0–10 eq. wt% NaCl) H2O (± CO2) inclusions that homogenize to the liquid phase in the temperature range of 300 to 550°C. These inclusions are from quartz, topaz and beryl. Inclusions in fluorite from the fluorite vein homogenize at ~170°C and have a salinity of ca. 1–2 eq. wt% NaCl. Type 2. Saline (25–30 eq. wt% NaCl) halite-bearing H2O (± CO2) inclusions that homogenize to the liquid phase in the temperature range of 300 to 400°C. These inclusions are from quartz. Type 3. Low salinity (0–3 eq. wt% NaCl) H2O-CO2 inclusions that homogenize to vapor phase in the temperature range of 330 to 550°C. These inclusions are from quartz and topaz. Hydrothermal fluids from greisen minerals are represented by type 1 and type 2 H2O inclusions. They are predominantly of low salinity (~8 eq. wt% NaCl) and homogenize to the liquid phase in the temperature range of 300 to 500°C. Isochores for contemporaneous type 2 and type 3 inclusions with homogenization temperature range of 330 to 400°C indicate a maximum trapping pressure of about 900 bar for the marginal stockscheider

Maize for silage. 1. Conservation of whole maize plant for silage with treatment of preservatives and urea before ensiling

vokkirjasto Aj-KMaissi säilörehun raaka-aineena I. Viherhapon ja urean käyttö maissisäilörehun säilöntäaineen

Preliminary studies on the conservation of whole sorghum and corn plant and sugar corn stover for silage

vokkirjasto Aj-KAlustava tutkimus koko hirssi ja maissikasvin sekä sokerimaissin lehti- ja varsiosan säilönnäst

Maissi säilörehun raaka-aineena II. Säilöntöaineena käytetyn Viherhapon ja urean vaikutus pötsin käymistapahtumiin ja säilörehun rehuarvoon

The rumen fermentations and N-balances of rumen fistulated sheep were studied on diets of silages treated with urea and acid preservative. The digestibilities and feeding values of the silages were also calculated. The experiment was performed according to 5 x 5 Latin-square design. The digestibilities were determined by total collection the collection period lasting seven days. The rumen samples were taken on the last two days during the collection periods before and 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 hours after feeding. Besides the silages the animals received mineral mixture and water ad libitum. Urea or acid treatment had no effect (P > 0.05) on the consumption of silage DM. The consumption ranged from 1.7 to 1.9 kg DM/100 kg liveweight. Urea did not have a clear effect on the VFA production in the rumen. It tended, however, to decrease the proportions of C3 and C4—C5 acids in the rumen. Acid preservative decreased the production of VFA and the proportion of C3-acid (P 0.05) were found between the energy values, which varied between 0,12—0.14 f.u./kg of silage. There were no differences in the N-balances of the animals on different diets. The balances were positive on all diets.Tutkimuksen toisessa osassa pyrittiin selvittämään säilöntäaineena käytetyn urean ja Viherhapon vaikutusta pötsikäymiseen säilörehudieeteillä sekä vaikutusta maissisäilörehujen rehuarvoon. Lisäksi määritettiin eläinten typpitase eri ruokinnoilla. Koekaaviona oli 5 x 5 latinalainen neliö ja säilörehujen sulavuus määritettiin kokonaiskeruumenetelmällä keruukauden ollessa 7 päivää. Pötsinäytteet otettiin keruukauden kahtena viimeisenä päivänä ennen ja 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 ja 6.0 tuntia jälkeen ruokinnan. Koe-eläimet olivat pötsifistelöityjä pässejä, jotka säilörehujen lisäksi saivat kivennäisseosta ja vettä vapaasti. Urea tai Viherhappo eivät vaikuttaneet säilörehujen maittavuuteen. Keskimäärin pässit söivät 1.7—1.9 kg säilörehun kuiva-ainetta 100 elopainokiloa kohti. Käytettäessä Viherhappoa VFA-määrä pötsissä ja C3-happojen osuus mooliprosentteina kokonais-VFA:sta alenivat (P < 0,05). Urea alensi C3 – ja C4 - C5-happojen osuutta pötsinesteessä joskaan muutos ei ollut aina selvä 1.5—6.0 tuntia ruokinnan jälkeen. Ureaa sisältävillä ruokinnoilla pötsin NH3-taso oli hyvin korkea. Ilmeisesti 14 päivän maittavuus- ja siirtokausi ei ollut riittävä totutukseen urea-ruokinnalle, kun siirryttiin eri urea-ruokinnoille koekaavion mukaan. Rehujen välillä ei ollut selviä eroja sulavuudessa. Raakarasvan sulavuus oli korkein 0.5 % urealla käsitellyssä rehussa ja typettömien uuteaineiden sulavuus Viherhapolla säilötyssä rehussa. Säilörehujen ry-arvot vaihtelivat 0.12 0.14 ry/kg. Urean lisäys kohotti säilörehujen srv-pitoisuuden 170—180 g srv/ry (0.5 % ureaa) ja 220 g srv/ry (1.0 % ureaa). Urea tai Viherhappo eivät vaikuttaneet eläinten typpitaseeseen. Säilörehujen srv-sisältö olisi riittänyt ilman ureaakin täyttämään lampaan srv-tarpeen ylläpitotasolla

Designing a material bank to facilitate a circular construction industry

In the project the students were asked to design a material bank to facilitate a circular construction industry. The insights they gained were used to create opportunities to renovate the road &#39; &#39;Griffiersveld&rdquo; circularly. This research report was written by three students involved in the course "Industrial and sustainable building" of Saxion University of Applied Sciences