Clinical impact and modalities of weight loss in patients with obesity and coronary artery disease

L'obésité est un facteur de risque cardiovasculaire en progression. Bien que son impact intrinsèque soit limité, l'obésité est associée à des facteurs de risque cardiovasculaires majeurs comme l'hypertension, la dyslipidémie et le diabète de type 2. Les mesures hygiéno-diététiques, les médicaments et la chirurgie bariatriques sont les mesures principales pour traiter l'obésité. Les mesures hygiéno-diététiques sont globalement inefficaces. Bien que certains médicaments ont récemment montré des résultats prometteurs, leur utilisation dans le traitement de l'obésité chez les patients avec une maladie cardiovasculaire avérée reste limitée. Seule la chirurgie bariatrique a démontré une réduction significative et soutenue du poids ainsi que des bénéfices en matières de prévention cardiovasculaire primaire mais on ne connait pas ses effets chez des patients avec une maladie cardiovasculaire confirmée. Par conséquent, nous avons réalisé une analyse rétrospective avec suivi prospectif chez des patients avec une maladie coronarienne comparés à des cohortes appariées grâce à un score de propension pour évaluer la sécurité de cette stratégie ainsi que son rôle en prévention secondaire. D'abord, nous avons analysé la sécurité de la chirurgie bariatrique chez des patients avec une maladie coronarienne en comparant ces patients avec des patients appariés dépourvus de maladie coronarienne mais qui avait également bénéficié d'une chirurgie bariatrique. Cette analyse suggère qu'il y a une majoration des évènements cardiaques péri-opératoires, surtout des infarctus du myocarde, et un risque cardio-vasculaire plus important au long cours dans le groupe avec maladie coronarienne. Ensuite, pour évaluer les bénéfices de la chirurgie bariatrique, nous avons comparé des patients avec une maladie coronarienne qui ont bénéficié d'une chirurgie bariatrique avec des patients atteints de maladie coronarienne qui n'ont pas bénéficié de chirurgie bariatrique. Nos résultats suggèrent une réduction de la mortalité non-cardiovasculaire mais pas de diminution des évènements cardiovasculaires. Enfin, nous avons cherché à évaluer une technique pour perdre du poids alternative, innovante, moins invasive : l'embolisation bariatrique qui consiste à occlure l'artère gastrique gauche par voie percutanée. Cette occlusion vasculaire occasionnerait une perte d'appétit et puis une perte de poids. D'abord, nous avons confirmé que l'approche transradiale est sécuritaire et faisable pour visualiser le tronc cœliaque et l'artère gastrique gauche. Puis, sur base de notre étude pilote d'embolisation bariatrique chez 7 patients, nous rapportons une perte de poids médiane de 11kg, avec un suivi jusqu'à 2 ans après la procédure.Obesity is a growing risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Although its intrinsic impact may be limited, it is causally associated with major cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus. Options to treat obesity include lifestyle intervention, pharmacotherapy and bariatric surgery. Lifestyle intervention including diets are inefficient. Although some medications have recently shown promising results, their impact in the treatment of obesity in patients with established cardiovascular disease is currently limited. Only bariatric surgery has shown significant and sustained weight loss as well as benefits in terms of primary cardiovascular prevention but little is known of its impact in patients with established cardiovascular disease. Thus, we performed a retrospective analysis with prospective follow-up of this technique in patients with coronary artery disease compared to propensity score matched cohorts to assess the safety of this strategy in these patients and the role of weight loss in secondary prevention. First, we analyzed the safety of bariatric surgery in patients with coronary artery disease by comparing them with matched patients that had undergone bariatric surgery but did not have coronary disease. This analysis suggests a significant increase in peri-operative cardiac events, mainly non-fatal myocardial infarction, and persistently elevated cardiovascular risk throughout long-term follow-up, in patients with coronary artery disease. Then, to study the benefits of bariatric surgery, we compared patients with coronary artery disease that underwent bariatric surgery with patients with coronary artery disease that did not undergo bariatric surgery. Our results suggest that bariatric surgery reduces major adverse cardio-cerebral events, essentially by a significant reduction in non-cardiovascular mortality but not in cardiovascular events per se. Thereafter, we sought to assess an alternative less invasive novel technique to induce weight loss: bariatric embolization, whereby percutaneous occlusion of the left gastric artery leads to loss of appetite. First, we confirmed that the transradial approach was a safe and effective technique to visualize the celiac and the left gastric arteries. Then, in a pilot study of seven patients, we showed that bariatric embolization was associated with a median weight loss of 11kg and these results were maintained up to two years after the index procedure

Recomendações sobre revascularização do miocárdio

n/

Ratio of high-sensitivity troponin to creatine kinase-MB in takotsubo syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Takotsubo syndrome (TT) and myocardial infarction (MI) share numerous similarities in clinical presentation, ECG modifications and biomarker elevation. We sought to determine whether the ratio of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-TnT) to the myocardial fraction of creatine kinase (CKMB) could be a potent discriminator between TT and MI patients. METHODS: We separately present analysis of data from retrospective files and prospectively recruited patients presenting with TT (35 retrospective and 42 prospective), NSTEMI (48 retrospective and 75 prospective) and STEMI (20 retrospective and 39 prospective). We compared ratios of hs-TnT to CKMB on admission to the hospital between TT, NSTEMI and STEMI patients. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were analysed to determine optimal cut-off values. RESULTS: On admission, hs-TnT/CKMB ratio was significantly higher in TT patients than in NSTEMI and STEMI patients in both the retrospective phase (median and interquartile range, TT 0.024 [0.018-0.047] vs NSTEMI 0.009 [0.006-0.022], p<0.0001; TT vs STEMI 0.011 [0.006-0.016], p=0.0002) and the prospective cohort (median and interquartile range, TT 0.032 [0.018-0.040] vs NSTEMI 0.009 [0.006-0.015], p<0.0001; TT vs STEMI 0.009 [0.005-0.017], p<0.0001). A cut-off hs-TnT/CKMB ratio of 0.015 distinguished TT from MI with a sensitivity of 85.7% and a specificity of 67.6% (AUC 0.796; 95%CI: 0.71-0.89) in the retrospective phase. In the prospective phase, a ratio of 0.017 distinguished TT from MI with a sensitivity of 83.3% and a specificity of 78.1% (AUC 0.88; 95%CI: 0.83-0.94). CONCLUSION: hs-TnT/CKMB ratio is a novel, readily available parameter that could be used alongside clinical risk scores, other biomarkers and ECG findings to discriminate between TT and MI

Hypocortisolism induces chronic respiratory failure

Hypocortisolism is an uncommon condition. Its association with myopathy and respiratoryfailure has only rarely been described. We report the case of a 52 year-old woman presenting with progressive dyspnoea. Work-up revealed a severe restrictive syndrome with hypoxaemia. Further investigations showed hypocortisolism of pituitary origin. Response to hydrocortisone allowed us to conclude to an unusual case of hypocortisolic myopathy affecting the respiratory muscles

CT coronary angiography for the diagnosis of coronary heart disease

peer reviewedCoronary computed tomography is an emerging technique for the diagnosis of coronary heart disease. Based on a clinical case, we discuss the diagnostic evaluation of chest pain and the role of coronary CT

Pretreatment with P2Y12 inhibitors and outcome in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention

International audienceAIMS:Preload with clopidogrel, ticagrelor, or prasugrel in the setting of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is frequently applied. Limited data are available regarding the outcome impact of pretreatment with these drugs in the real world.METHODS AND RESULTS:The outcome of 760 STEMI patients treated by primary PCI receiving clopidogrel, prasugrel, or ticagrelor (n = 269, 327, 164, respectively) was evaluated. Patients in the clopidogrel group were older, whereas those in the ticagrelor group had less hypertension but were more active smokers. Angiographic characteristics were comparable among the three groups. At 1 month, more events were observed in the clopidogrel group (11.1%) than in the ticagrelor and prasugrel groups (7.1 vs. 5.1%, P = 0.025), whereas the number of events in the ticagrelor and prasugrel groups did not differ. At 1 year, similar differences existed, mainly driven by a higher rate of death (19.5%, P = 0.008) or stent thrombosis (2 vs. 1.3% for ticagrelor, P = 0.132; vs. 0.3% for prasugrel, P = 0.07) in the clopidogrel group. In-hospital and 1-year bleeding rates were similar between groups.CONCLUSION:In real-world practice, pretreatment with prasugrel or ticagrelor in ongoing STEMI treated by primary PCI seems to be a well tolerated alternative strategy compared with clopidogrel but provides superior benefit in terms of outcomes

Clinical Impact of Weight-Loss Pharmacotherapy in Patients with Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease.

Obesity is associated with the development and progression of multiple cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, and is an important contributor to the global burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). Guidelines suggest that clinicians provide lifestyle counseling and promote lifestyle modifications before considering weight-loss surgery. However, despite lifestyle modifications and increased physical activity, most patients with obesity will not lose significant weight or will experience weight regain. Weight-loss pharmacotherapy added to lifestyle modification has long been perceived as a bridge between lifestyle modifications alone and weight-loss surgery. However, since its inception, weight-loss pharmacotherapy has been plagued by variable efficacy and concern about cardiovascular safety. Following requirements from regulatory authorities, efficacy and cardiovascular safety trials have been conducted for the currently available weight-loss pharmacotherapeutic agents. Overall, these trials have shown that weight-loss pharmacotherapy is only modestly efficient for the inducement of weight loss. Recent trials have also demonstrated the cardiovascular safety of some of these agents. We review these trials with a focus on the clinical impact of these weight-loss pharmacotherapeutic agents in patients with atherosclerotic CVD

Finding the optimal access for proximal upper limb artery (PULA) interventions: Lessons learned from the PULA multicenter registry

Objective The multicenter proximal upper limb artery (PULA) Registry was created to study the optimal puncture sites for the interventions involving the subclavian, axillary, and innominate arteries. Background Little is known about the optimal vascular access for PULA interventions, despite the well-known technical complexity of these procedures. Methods We performed the retrospective analysis of consecutive patients treated for symptomatic steno-occlusive disease of the proximal upper limb arteries between January 2015 and December 2019 in three high-volume centers. Acute thrombotic occlusions were excluded from the study. Results Two hundred and seventy-two patients were treated for significant stenosis and 108 for total occlusion. The baseline patient's characteristics were similar, except for the higher median age of the stenotic patients: 68.5 years (31.1; 90.0) versus 64 years (38.0; 86.0) p = 0.0015. Successful revascularization rate was higher in the stenotic group 93.75% (255/272) versus 86.11% (93/108) p = 0.0230, while the procedure length 27 min (8; 133) versus 46 min (7; 140) p = 0.0001 and fluoroscopy times 439 s (92; 2993) versus 864 s (86; 4176) p = 0.0001 were higher in the occlusion group. The main adverse event rate was similarly low. Dual access was used more often to treat occlusions (60.19% (65/108) vs. 11.40% (31/272) p = 0.0001) without significantly increasing the complication rate. The safest access was ultrasound-guided distal radial artery puncture, significantly better than conventional radial access with 0% (0/31) versus 13.6% (18/131) p = 0.0253 complication. Conclusions The percutaneous revascularization of proximal upper limb arteries is a safe and effective. Dual access can be applied to increase treatment efficacy, without significantly compromising safety

Prognostic importance of exercise brain natriuretic peptide in asymptomatic degenerative mitral regurgitation

Aim: The exercise Doppler echocardiographic stress test can be of interest in the management of asymptomatic patients with primary mitral regurgitation (MR). The resting brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) level is a good surrogate marker of the consequences of MR and is a powerful predictor of outcome. The incremental prognostic value of BNP response during exercise is unknown. We aimed to identify the determinants of exercise BNP level and to evaluate its prognostic value in asymptomatic patients with primary MR. Methods and results: Comprehensive resting and exercise transthoracic Doppler echocardiography was performed in 113 consecutive asymptomatic patients with moderate to severe degenerative MR and preserved left ventricular (LV) function. Blood samples were collected both at rest and during exercise. The BNP level significantly increased from rest to exercise (P , 0.0001). The independent determinants of exercise BNP were resting E/Ea ratio (P ¼ 0.043), indexed left atrial volume (P ¼ 0.022), and exercise LV global longitudinal strain (P ¼ 0.001). There was a significant graded relationship between increasing BNP level at exercise (according to tertiles) and increased incidence of cardiac events (death, heart failure, mitral valve surgery driven by symptoms, or LV dilatation/dysfunction onset) (1 year, 11+5% vs. 14+6% vs. 43.5+9%; 2 years, 21+7% vs. 40+8% vs. 67+9%; in tertiles 1, 2 and 3, respectively). On multivariable analysis, after adjustment for demographic and echocardiographic data and for resting BNP level, exercise BNP remained significantly associated with increased risk of cardiac events during the follow-up (hazard ratio 2.8 and 3.4, P ¼ 0.041 and 0.023, for tertiles 2 and 3, as compared with tertile 1). Conclusions: In asymptomatic patients with primary MR, exercise BNP level provides incremental prognostic value beyond what is achieved by demographic and echocardiographic data and resting BNP level. Patients with elevated exercise BNP should be considered at high risk of reduced cardiac event-free surviva