Monitoring fish passes using infrared beaming: a case study in an Iberian river

An application of a new automated fish counting device – the Riverwatcher System (RW) – was used to monitor upstream fish movements in a pool-and-weir fish pass in the River Zeˆ zere, Portugal, for 141 days from June 2002 to May 2003. Fish populations were also collected downstream using multimesh gillnets (5 different mesh sizes ranging from 30 mm to 85 mm knot to knot; ratio between mesh sizes of about 1.30) and electrofishing for comparison with fish records produced by the RW. More than 3000 individual Iberian nase Chondrostoma polylepis ascended the fish pass and moved through the RW during the study period. However, only 18% of the records produced by the RW contained silhouettes similar to fish; no individual smaller than 15 cm TL was recorded by the counter. Most seasonal movements (73.9%) occurred in spring and were associated with reproduction. Displacements seemed to occur independently of time of day. Water temperature (range: 12–22 C) was the only significant environmental variable (P < 0.01) influencing upstream movements of this species. Further development of hardware and software will be necessary to improve performance of the counter, particularly in Mediterranean rivers, where more turbid waters and a greater proportion of small-size species are presen

O controle da mosca das miíases ou bicheiras (Cochliomyia hominivorax).

A mosca de miíases (cujo nome científico é Cochliomyia hominivorax), em animais de sangue quente e mesmo no homem, apresenta um parasitismo obrigatório periódico, que é produzido pelas suas larvas, as quais são vulgarmente conhecidas como bicheira.bitstream/item/55722/1/ct40-2001.pd

Data reliability in citizen science: learning curve and the effects of training method, volunteer background and experience on identification accuracy of insects visiting ivy flowers

• Citizen science, the involvement of volunteers in collecting of scientific data, can be a useful research tool. However, data collected by volunteers are often of lower quality than that collected by professional scientists. • We studied the accuracy with which volunteers identified insects visiting ivy (Hedera) flowers in Sussex, England. In the first experiment, we examined the effects of training method, volunteer background and prior experience. Fifty-three participants were trained for the same duration using one of three different methods (pamphlet, pamphlet + slide show, pamphlet + direct training). Almost immediately following training, we tested the ability of participants to identify live insects on ivy flowers to one of 10 taxonomic categories and recorded whether their identifications were correct or incorrect, without providing feedback. • The results showed that the type of training method had a significant effect on identification accuracy (P = 0.008). Participants identified 79.1% of insects correctly after using a one-page colour pamphlet, 85.6% correctly after using the pamphlet and viewing a slide show, and 94.3% correctly after using the pamphlet in combination with direct training in the field. • As direct training cannot be delivered remotely, in the following year we conducted a second experiment, in which a different sample of 26 volunteers received the pamphlet plus slide show training repeatedly three times. Moreover, in this experiment participants received c. 2 minutes of additional training material, either videos of insects or stills taken from the videos. Testing showed that identification accuracy increased from 88.6% to 91.3% to 97.5% across the three successive tests. We also found a borderline significant interaction between the type of additional material and the test number (P = 0.053), such that the video gave fewer errors than stills in the first two tests only. • The most common errors made by volunteers were misidentifications of honey bees and social wasps with their hover fly mimics. We also tested six experts who achieved nearly perfect accuracy (99.8%), which shows what is possible in practice. • Overall, our study shows that two or three sessions of remote training can be as good as one of direct training, even for relatively challenging taxonomic discriminations that include distinguishing models and mimics

A qualidade das bases de dados como factor crucial em estudos ambientais: condições de referência e tipologia com base piscícola para rios portugueses

Com base num conjunto superior a 1000 amostragens piscícolas em rios portugueses (troços vadeáveis) realizadas por diversas entidades nacionais nos últimos 10 anos, seleccionou-se um grupo de 459 locais que cumprem critérios de normalização de amostragem, procedimentos no terreno, e acuidade nas identificações taxonómicas. Estes locais representam a diversidade de condições naturais e de impactos humanos em Portugal Continental. Para caracterizar a magnitude e tipo de perturbação humana em cada local foram aplicadas 15 variáveis de pressão – ao nível do troço, segmento e bacia – classificadas de acordo com o desvio às condições naturais (de 1 para ausência de desvio, até 5 para forte degradação). Este passo envolveu um longo período de trabalho e baseou-se na análise de várias fontes de informação geográfica e documental, em inquéritos e no conhecimento do terreno. Durante as fases de selecção de locais e construção das bases de dados ambientais e biológicas, toda a informação foi sujeita a procedimentos de controle de qualidade de dados. É proposta uma metodologia para a selecção de sítios de referência; desta forma, foram incluídos neste grupo os locais com pontuação 1 ou 2 em, pelo menos, 80% das variáveis, permitindo a classificação 3 em 20% (três variáveis), excepto para a variável “abundância de indivíduos exóticos”, que obrigatoriamente correspondeu à pontuação 1 ou 2. Uma abordagem estatística multivariada suportou os dois passos seguintes: a definição da tipologia com base nas ictiocomunidades e a alocação de todos os locais num tipo. Utilizando os sítios de referência, e com base na classificação de grupos funcionais piscícolas, foram estabelecidos 6 tipos (t.): t. salmonícola da região norte; t. transição salmonícola-ciprinícola da região norte; t. ciprinícola de pequena dimensão das regiões norte interior e sul; t. ciprinícola de média dimensão da região norte; t. ciprinícola de média dimensão da região sul e t. ciprinícola da região norte litoral. A análise discriminante múltipla (ADM) suportou a tipologia piscícola, alocando correctamente 71 a 93% dos locais para os seis grupos; temperatura média em Julho, área de drenagem, altitude, precipitação média anual e uma variável categórica de enquadramento geográfico foram as variáveis retidas pelo modelo final. A ADM evidenciou elevada robustez ao classificar a maioria dos locais de não referência num dos tipos da respectiva região geográfica e ao detectar variações longitudinais das comunidades piscícolas ao longo de vários rios

Recurrent Coding Sequence Variation Explains only A Small Fraction of the Genetic Architecture of Colorectal Cancer

Whilst common genetic variation in many non-coding genomic regulatory regions are known to impart risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), much of the heritability of CRC remains unexplained. To examine the role of recurrent coding sequence variation in CRC aetiology, we genotyped 12,638 CRCs cases and 29,045 controls from six European populations. Single-variant analysis identified a coding variant (rs3184504) in SH2B3 (12q24) associated with CRC risk (OR = 1.08, P = 3.9 × 10-7), and novel damaging coding variants in 3 genes previously tagged by GWAS efforts; rs16888728 (8q24) in UTP23 (OR = 1.15, P = 1.4 × 10-7); rs6580742 and rs12303082 (12q13) in FAM186A (OR = 1.11, P = 1.2 × 10-