Dimensionamento de redes prediais de água sob vazões reais

Most of the calculation techniques used for sizing building water piping systems does not assess the real flow and pressure that exist in each section of the pipe. When using such techniques, we can only verify the dynamic pressure agreement with given references for a given maximum flow rate. Therefore it is not possible to precisely determine how the operation of an appliance can influence another. This paper proposes a model for calculating the water consumption in buildings with open piping networks, under steady flow, which allows the real flow rate and pressure present in each point to be determined for any given use configuration. Every hydraulic law is determined for each component, as well as for each appliance attached to the piping. By using a numerical algorithm it is possible to determine flow rate and pressure values that satisfy all internal laws. This paper also presents considerations about a possible change of the paradigm used in building water systems sizing, from the traditional approach (that determines the maximum probable flow rate), to one in which the probability of occurrence of a given use configuration must be determined.A maior parte dos métodos de cálculo utilizados para dimensionamento de redes prediais de distribuição de água não permite avaliar as vazões e pressões reais presentes em cada seção da tubulação. Pelo uso dessas técnicas podemos verificar somente se, para uma dada vazão, tomada como “máxima”, a pressão dinâmica avaliada em determinado ponto satisfaz determinada referência. Assim, não é possível estabelecer com boa precisão como a operação de determinado aparelho influencia outro. Este artigo apresenta um modelo de cálculo para redes ramificadas de distribuição de água em edifícios, sob regime permanente de escoamento, que permite determinar pressões e vazões reais presentes em cada ponto, para uma dada configuração de utilização. Para tal, inicialmente determina-se cada lei hidráulica, de cada componente e aparelho, seguindo-se a determinação das relações mútuas entre tais componentes. Utilizando-se um algoritmo numérico apropriado, determina-se o conjunto de vazões e pressões que satisfaçam simultaneamente tais leis e relações. São também apresentadas considerações sobre uma mudança do modelo de cálculo utilizado em sistemas prediais de distribuição de água, do enfoque tradicional (que determina a maior vazão provável) para um novo enfoque, onde deve-se determinar a probabilidade de ocorrência de determinada configuração de acionamento

Production of electricity through biomass gasification system downdraft and generator group with a capacity of 50 kVA

This paper presents the results of tests performed with an internal combustion engine adapted to MWM Otto cycle, coupled to an electricity generator with a capacity of 50 kVA, fed exclusively with synthesis gas from a biomass gasifier downdraft, using wood eucalyptus. Also featured are the characteristics and efficiency of the generator set, in order to assess the feasibility of applying the system in remote locations, where biomass is available and the system of conventional electric power transmission is hampered by distance. The synthesis gas generated showed the average composition of 16,9% H2, 20% CO, 10,9% CO2, CH4, 2% and 50,1% N2. The performance of the span was monitored by applying loads of 0, 7, 13, 20,1 and 26,4 kW, the generator, keeping the average voltage of 222 V and currents of 0, 18,5, 33, 51, 84 and 67 A

Produção de energia elétrica através da biomassa em sistema de gaseificação concorrente e grupo gerador com capacidade de 50 kVA

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de testes realizados com um motor de combustão interna MWM adaptado a ciclo Otto, acoplado a um gerador de eletricidade com capacidade de 50 kVA, alimentado exclusivamente com gás de síntese proveniente de um gaseificador de biomassa concorrente utilizando lenha de eucalipto. Também são apresentadas as características e eficiência do conjunto gerador, com o objetivo de avaliar a viabilidade de se aplicar o sistema em localidades distantes, onde há biomassa disponível e o sistema de transmissão de energia elétrica convencional é dificultado pela distância. O gás de síntese gerado apresentou composição média de 16,9 % de H2, 20% de CO, 10,9% de CO2, 2 % de CH4 e 50,1 % de N2. O desempenho do conjunto gerador foi monitorado aplicando-se cargas de 0, 7, 13, 20,1 e 26,4 kW, ao grupo gerador, mantendo a tensão média de 222 V e correntes de 0, 18,5, 33, 51, 84 e 67 A

Development of the CMS detector for the CERN LHC Run 3

International audienceSince the initial data taking of the CERN LHC, the CMS experiment has undergone substantial upgrades and improvements. This paper discusses the CMS detector as it is configured for the third data-taking period of the CERN LHC, Run 3, which started in 2022. The entire silicon pixel tracking detector was replaced. A new powering system for the superconducting solenoid was installed. The electronics of the hadron calorimeter was upgraded. All the muon electronic systems were upgraded, and new muon detector stations were added, including a gas electron multiplier detector. The precision proton spectrometer was upgraded. The dedicated luminosity detectors and the beam loss monitor were refurbished. Substantial improvements to the trigger, data acquisition, software, and computing systems were also implemented, including a new hybrid CPU/GPU farm for the high-level trigger

Development of the CMS detector for the CERN LHC Run 3

International audienceSince the initial data taking of the CERN LHC, the CMS experiment has undergone substantial upgrades and improvements. This paper discusses the CMS detector as it is configured for the third data-taking period of the CERN LHC, Run 3, which started in 2022. The entire silicon pixel tracking detector was replaced. A new powering system for the superconducting solenoid was installed. The electronics of the hadron calorimeter was upgraded. All the muon electronic systems were upgraded, and new muon detector stations were added, including a gas electron multiplier detector. The precision proton spectrometer was upgraded. The dedicated luminosity detectors and the beam loss monitor were refurbished. Substantial improvements to the trigger, data acquisition, software, and computing systems were also implemented, including a new hybrid CPU/GPU farm for the high-level trigger

Development of the CMS detector for the CERN LHC Run 3

Since the initial data taking of the CERN LHC, the CMS experiment has undergone substantial upgrades and improvements. This paper discusses the CMS detector as it is configured for the third data-taking period of the CERN LHC, Run 3, which started in 2022. The entire silicon pixel tracking detector was replaced. A new powering system for the superconducting solenoid was installed. The electronics of the hadron calorimeter was upgraded. All the muon electronic systems were upgraded, and new muon detector stations were added, including a gas electron multiplier detector. The precision proton spectrometer was upgraded. The dedicated luminosity detectors and the beam loss monitor were refurbished. Substantial improvements to the trigger, data acquisition, software, and computing systems were also implemented, including a new hybrid CPU/GPU farm for the high-level trigger.Since the initial data taking of the CERN LHC, the CMS experiment has undergone substantial upgrades and improvements. This paper discusses the CMS detector as it is configured for the third data-taking period of the CERN LHC, Run 3, which started in 2022. The entire silicon pixel tracking detector was replaced. A new powering system for the superconducting solenoid was installed. The electronics of the hadron calorimeter was upgraded. All the muon electronic systems were upgraded, and new muon detector stations were added, including a gas electron multiplier detector. The precision proton spectrometer was upgraded. The dedicated luminosity detectors and the beam loss monitor were refurbished. Substantial improvements to the trigger, data acquisition, software, and computing systems were also implemented, including a new hybrid CPU/GPU farm for the high-level trigger

Development of the CMS detector for the CERN LHC Run 3

International audienceSince the initial data taking of the CERN LHC, the CMS experiment has undergone substantial upgrades and improvements. This paper discusses the CMS detector as it is configured for the third data-taking period of the CERN LHC, Run 3, which started in 2022. The entire silicon pixel tracking detector was replaced. A new powering system for the superconducting solenoid was installed. The electronics of the hadron calorimeter was upgraded. All the muon electronic systems were upgraded, and new muon detector stations were added, including a gas electron multiplier detector. The precision proton spectrometer was upgraded. The dedicated luminosity detectors and the beam loss monitor were refurbished. Substantial improvements to the trigger, data acquisition, software, and computing systems were also implemented, including a new hybrid CPU/GPU farm for the high-level trigger

Development of the CMS detector for the CERN LHC Run 3

International audienceSince the initial data taking of the CERN LHC, the CMS experiment has undergone substantial upgrades and improvements. This paper discusses the CMS detector as it is configured for the third data-taking period of the CERN LHC, Run 3, which started in 2022. The entire silicon pixel tracking detector was replaced. A new powering system for the superconducting solenoid was installed. The electronics of the hadron calorimeter was upgraded. All the muon electronic systems were upgraded, and new muon detector stations were added, including a gas electron multiplier detector. The precision proton spectrometer was upgraded. The dedicated luminosity detectors and the beam loss monitor were refurbished. Substantial improvements to the trigger, data acquisition, software, and computing systems were also implemented, including a new hybrid CPU/GPU farm for the high-level trigger

Development of the CMS detector for the CERN LHC Run 3

Since the initial data taking of the CERN LHC, the CMS experiment has undergone substantial upgrades and improvements. This paper discusses the CMS detector as it is configured for the third data-taking period of the CERN LHC, Run 3, which started in 2022. The entire silicon pixel tracking detector was replaced. A new powering system for the superconducting solenoid was installed. The electronics of the hadron calorimeter was upgraded. All the muon electronic systems were upgraded, and new muon detector stations were added, including a gas electron multiplier detector. The precision proton spectrometer was upgraded. The dedicated luminosity detectors and the beam loss monitor were refurbished. Substantial improvements to the trigger, data acquisition, software, and computing systems were also implemented, including a new hybrid CPU/GPU farm for the high-level trigger